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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2017 Dec 22;118(4):1460–1494. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00510

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Comparison of metabolic fluxes from glucose and glutamine in normal/differentiating cells which are depicted with a robust TCA cycle and electron transport system vs proliferating IPS cells. Thick arrows indicate a greater flux through steps compared to thin arrows. The right hand panel indicates less energetic flux through the TCA cycle and increased aerobic glycolysis. The ability to “dump” excess electrons and regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue depends substantially on high levels of lactate dehydrogenase, allowing reduction of pyruvate to lactate which can be excreted.