Table 2.
Summary of Effect Estimates of Risk Factors Assessed within Studies
| Risk factor | Number of studies assessed in | Pooled uni-variable effecta | Effect multi-variable modelsb | Likely effect on risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 186,37,41,54,55,66,69,71,73,74,76–78,98–101,130 | +6/11 | + | |
| Initial GCS 15 | 737,41,66,73,74,77,101 | OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23–0.52 | −4/4 | − |
| Severity CT brain | 96,41,54,55,66,73,76,78,100 | +7/8 | + | |
| Isolated SAH | 537,73,77,98,108 | OR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07–0.5 | −1/2 | − |
| Isolated EDH | 537,73,77,98,108 | OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.9–2.68 | +1/1 | + |
| Isolated SDH | 537,73,77,98,108 | OR 1.82, 95% CI: 0.69–4.77 | +2/2 | |
| Isolated contusion | 337,98,108 | OR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.2–0.28 | 0/1 | |
| Anti-coagulation | 126,37,41,55,74,76–78,98,100,101,139 | OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.28–1.64 | 0/2 | + |
| Aspirin | 637,55,66,76,87,101 | OR 1.30, 95% CI: 0.95–1.78 | ||
| Clopidogrel | 637,55,66,76,87,101 | OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.17–2.72 | + |
a
Pooled estimate of effect on risk of neurosurgery or clinical deterioration.
b
Indicates number of multi-variable models where factor was found to be a significant predictor and direction of effect on risk.
CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; EDH, extra-dural hemorrhage; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; OR, odds ratio; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage.