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Effect of supplementing a control diet (CON) with chitosan (CHI) or ivy fruit saponins (IVY) on pH (A), total lactate concentration (B), amylase activity (C) and E. coli concentrations post-inoculation (D) in the Rusitec system. Error bars indicate the standard error of the difference for each time point (n = 4). *P < 0.05, †P < 0.1.
