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MMR protein determination and MSI status analysis. Immunohistochemical staining pattern of MSI-L colorectal carcinoma samples with isolated loss of MLH1 (a) and intact staining of MSH2 (b), MSH6 (c), and PMS2 (d); examples of fluorescence-based PCR of mononucleotide repeats and typical profiles of a MSS tumor (e) and a MSI-H case (f). MMR: mismatch repair; MSI: microsatellite instability; MSI-L: MSI-low; MSI-H: MSI-high; MSS: microsatellite stability; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.
