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. 2018 Feb 13;2018:8605471. doi: 10.1155/2018/8605471

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Copyright © 2018 Jaehong Kim.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Metabolism of glucose and fatty acid at a glance. (a) Stabilization of HIF-1α upregulates GLUTs, HK2, PFK2, PKM2, LDH, PDK, and MCT4 shown in red. ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ARG: arginase; CPT-1: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; FAT: fatty acid translocase; G3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GLUT: glucose transporter; HK2: hexokinase 2; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; LCFacyl-CoAs: long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; 2PG: 2-phosphoglycerate; 3PG: 3-phosphoglycerate; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PFK: phosphofructokinase; PS: pyruvate symporter; SDH: succinate dehydrogenase; TAG: triacylglyceride; TCAT: tricarboxylic acid transporter. (b) A schematic of the Krebs cycle and metabolites exported out of the mitochondria. Arginine is metabolized to urea and ornithine in M2-like macrophages that do not express NOS. ARG: arginase; NOS: nitric oxide synthase.