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. 2018 Mar;18(3):261–284. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30703-X

Table 3.

Tuberculosis deaths attributable to smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes and annualised rates of change of age-standardised rates in HIV-negative individuals (2005–15)

Tuberculosis deaths
Annualised rate of change from 2005 to 2015 (%)
Smoking
Alcohol
Diabetes
Smoking Alcohol use Diabetes
2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015
Global 114 069 (56 813 to 179 882) 86 849 (41 265 to 140 152) 146 817 (117 226 to 187 496) 126 459 (94 124 to 168 699) 133 100 (82 683 to 188 878) 118 298 (73 111 to 169 308) −5·1% (−6·3 to −4·2) −3·7% (−4·8 to −2·7) −3·6% (−4·6 to −2·8)
High SDI 6886 (3520 to 10 155) 3346 (1707 to 5022) 12 534 (10 743 to 14 078) 6331 (5458 to 7308) 3137 (2019 to 4452) 2031 (1277 to 2937) −8·8% (−9·8 to −7·8) −8·3% (−9·4 to −7·3) −6·5% (−7·6 to −5·4)
High-middle SDI 12 933 (6298 to 20 234) 8584 (4138 to 13 972) 21 941 (17 134 to 26 222) 17 222 (12 989 to 21 440) 15 356 (9485 to 21 754) 12 134 (7566 to 17 271) −6·6% (−7·5 to −5·9) −4·7% (−5·7 to −3·9) −5·0% (−5·8 to −4·2)
Middle SDI 42 607 (20 870 to 70 447) 32 491 (15 648 to 55 436) 41 712 (31 506 to 54 309) 33 536 (25 163 to 45 974) 47 369 (29 389 to 68 228) 39 300 (23 747 to 57 970) −5·5% (−7·2 to −4·0) −4·6% (−5·9 to −3·3) −4·6% (−5·9 to −3·4)
Low-middle SDI 44 057 (22 359 to 70 192) 34 828 (15 945 to 56 609) 54 079 (42 417 to 73 518) 51 738 (36 961 to 70 298) 55 409 (34 245 to 79 602) 51 128 (31 647 to 74 115) −5·0% (−7·2 to −3·5) −3·0% (−4·9 to −1·4) −3·4% (−5·0 to −2·1)
Low SDI 7516 (3243 to 12 920) 7538 (3230 to 13322) 16 505 (11 834 to 23 052) 17586 (10776 to 25822) 11 756 (6530 to 18 829) 13 628 (7610 to 22 723) −3·2% (−5·8 to −0·7) −2·6% (−5·4 to 0·1) −1·6% (−3·7 to 0·5)
High-income Asia Pacific 1042 (538 to 1577) 631 (316 to 965) 809 (578 to 1082) 605 (409 to 864) 647 (343 to 1016) 543 (274 to 879) −7·9% (−8·9 to −7·1) −5·6% (−7·1 to −4·2) −4·8% (−5·9 to −3·8)
Central Asia 1125 (543 to 1734) 715 (336 to 1116) 1967 (1534 to 2283) 1245 (855 to 1533) 679 (408 to 970) 514 (309 to 732) −6·7% (−7·8 to −5·3) −6·7% (−8·4 to −5·3) −5·3% (−6·2 to −4·3)
East Asia 12 793 (6135 to 20 759) 7625 (3464 to 14 249) 13 519 (10 206 to 19 589) 9476 (7278 to 15 322) 8491 (4978 to 12 832) 4739 (2657 to 8097) −7·9% (−9·4 to −6·1) −6·1% (−7·7 to −4·2) −8·6% (−10·0 to −6·8)
South Asia 45 561 (22 154 to 72 939) 35 394 (15 912 to 57 471) 64 036 (47 953 to 84 547) 58 989 (40 831 to 80 302) 69 867 (43 938 to 99 563) 60 034 (37 096 to 87 139) −5·3% (−7·3 to −3·9) −3·4% (−5·2 to −2·0) −4·2% (−5·7 to −3·1)
Southeast Asia 29 048 (14 917 to 47 933) 23 720 (11 854 to 41 019) 12 625 (10 301 to 15 958) 11 223 (8164 to 15 007) 25 226 (15 409 to 37 224) 24 188 (14 373 to 36 939) −5·1% (−7·4 to −3·1) −3·8% (−6·0 to −2·1) −3·4% (−5·3 to −1·7)
Australasia 6 (4 to 9) 4 (3 to 7) 15 (13 to 17) 13 (11 to 16) 8 (4 to 12) 7 (4 to 12) −6·0% (−7·0 to −5·0) −3·8% (−5·4 to −2·2) −3·1% (−4·3 to −1·9)
The Caribbean 118 (57 to 201) 81 (39 to 149) 263 (191 to 435) 261 (177 to 456) 168 (95 to 264) 173 (94 to 277) −5·9% (−8·0 to −4·0) −1·9% (−3·8 to 0·0) −2·0% (−3·6 to −0·5)
Central Europe 595 (304 to 882) 327 (169 to 493) 1156 (1055 to 1264) 664 (588 to 753) 326 (200 to 483) 210 (130 to 305) −6·8% (−7·8 to −5·7) −6·3% (−7·5 to −5·0) −5·4% (−6·4 to −4·4)
Eastern Europe 6755 (3379 to 9970) 2979 (1511 to 4399) 13 726 (12 005 to 15 247) 6296 (5532 to 7152) 2331 (1420 to 3277) 1153 (709 to 1632) −8·7% (−9·7 to −7·6) −8·3% (−9·3 to −7·1) −7·9% (−9·2 to −6·6)
Western Europe 383 (215 to 568) 244 (139 to 362) 806 (685 to 935) 556 (425 to 685) 327 (165 to 518) 266 (130 to 434) −6·2% (−6·9 to −5·5) −5·5% (−6·9 to −4·6) −4·3% (−5·1 to −3·4)
Andean Latin America 299 (148 to 573) 216 (102 to 420) 693 (529 to 1324) 573 (407 to 1119) 294 (166 to 497) 282 (156 to 480) −6·2% (−7·9 to −4·6) −4·5% (−6·3 to −2·9) −3·4% (−4·7 to −2·3)
Central Latin America 422 (219 to 649) 302 (148 to 480) 1024 (915 to 1151) 869 (728 to 1012) 822 (531 to 1142) 771 (505 to 1077) −6·7% (−7·6 to −5·8) −4·9% (−5·8 to −4·0) −4·0% (−4·7 to −3·4)
Southern Latin America 142 (79 to 212) 100 (55 to 152) 240 (185 to 292) 204 (147 to 256) 128 (73 to 194) 101 (57 to 153) −5·4% (−6·6 to −4·2) −3·5% (−5·3 to −1·8) −4·6% (−5·6 to −3·4)
Tropical Latin America 614 (316 to 949) 409 (196 to 643) 1333 (831 to 1699) 1153 (699 to 1544) 724 (432 to 1029) 700 (401 to 1035) −7·0% (−8·3 to −5·5) −4·2% (−5·4 to −2·7) −3·5% (−4·7 to −1·9)
North Africa and the Middle East 1324 (658 to 2142) 1197 (581 to 2049) 638 (483 to 853) 583 (415 to 797) 2647 (1661 to 3789) 2800 (1784 to 4050) −4·3% (−5·8 to −3·0) −4·0% (−5·5 to −2·7) −2·6% (−3·8 to −1·4)
High-income North America 89 (51 to 130) 66 (38 to 97) 164 (144 to 184) 138 (112 to 166) 145 (85 to 212) 140 (82 to 207) −5·1% (−5·6 to −4·6) −3·6% (−4·7 to −2·7) −2·5% (−3·1 to −2·0)
Oceania 92 (45 to 156) 88 (43 to 158) 49 (27 to 81) 47 (24 to 82) 137 (78 to 213) 142 (79 to 230) −3·6% (−6·2 to −1·0) −3·1% (−6·3 to 0·2) −2·7% (−4·9 to −0·5)
Central sub-Saharan Africa 2021 (649 to 5237) 2222 (660 to 5970) 3173 (1151 to 7480) 3595 (1232 to 8767) 3941 (1581 to 8704) 4694 (1848 to 10 753) −2·4% (−7·3 to 2·3) −1·9% (−6·3 to 2·4) −1·3% (−5·3 to 2·3)
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa 5006 (2290 to 8398) 4865 (2040 to 8756) 13 144 (9631 to 16 969) 14 099 (8548 to 20 130) 6351 (3710 to 9459) 7119 (3809 to 11 616) −3·6% (−6·8 to −0·8) −2·6% (−6·1 to 0·6) −2·1% (−5·1 to 0·8)
Southern sub-Saharan Africa 4011 (1909 to 6310) 3287 (1552 to 5427) 8146 (5653 to 10 068) 7342 (4857 to 9429) 5494 (3309 to 7929) 5013 (2984 to 7222) −4·2% (−6·3 to −1·8) −3·1% (−5·0 to −0·9) −3·0% (−4·7 to −1·0)
Western sub-Saharan Africa 2624 (1277 to 4670) 2376 (1121 to 4350) 9292 (6897 to 14 627) 8527 (5750 to 14 979) 4348 (2540 to 6778) 4711 (2666 to 7536) −4·0% (−6·1 to −2·0) −3·6% (−5·9 to −0·9) −1·8% (−3·5 to −0·1)

Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. SDI=Socio-demographic Index.