Fig. 1.

Study design for in vitro kinematic testing using AFRP and ABNP repair biomaterials. A) Representative images of assigned testing groups and schematic of preparation for kinematic testing of bovine caudal functional spinal units (FSUs). B) Loading scheme for FSU testing depicting creep, axial cyclic tension-compression, and slow constant-rate ramp tests. C) Representative axial force-displacement curve from axial tension-compression loading and its post-test analysis. D) Representative creep displacement curves from a single FSU. (Methods used to generate data within this figure are described in section 2.4).