Table 1. Phased capacity approach to establishing surveillance for antimicrobial consumption in food animal production context of LMICs.
Parameter | Phase One | Phase Two | Phase Three | Phase Four | Phase Five |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methodology | mg/PCU | mg/PCU | mg/PCU | mg/PCU and ADDD | mg/PCU, ADDD, and ADCD |
Unit of Measurement | mg/PCU* | mg/PCU disaggregated by species | mg/PCU disaggregated by species and production type | mg/PCU and number of ADDDs** | mg/PCU and number of ADDDs and ADCDs*** |
Data Requirements | - Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class - Total annual animal biomass (locally produced minus imported, plus exported) |
- Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class and animal species - Total annual animal biomass by species (locally produced minus imported, plus exported) |
- Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class, animal species, and production type - Total annual animal biomass by species and production type (locally produced minus imported, plus exported) |
Phase three data plus: - On-farm consumption data by species/type (mg/kg/day), route, and intended use, derived from product formulation, concentration, and unit size - On-farm production figures |
Phase four data plus: - On-farm consumption data by species/type (mg/kg/course), route, and intended use, derived from product formulation, concentration, and unit - On-farm production figures |
Data Source | - National registry of API sales - Animal production census data |
- National registry of API sales - Distributor and end-user checks - Animal production census data |
- National registry of API sales - Distributor and end-user checks - Animal production census data |
Phase three sources plus: - On-farm usage reporting and production records, as collected from producers, veterinarians, pharmacies, feed mills |
Phase three sources plus: - On-farm usage reporting and production records, as collected from producers, veterinarians, pharmacies, feed mills |
Reporting Frequency | Annual | Annual | Annual | Annual | Annual |
*PCU is defined as total live and slaughtered animal biomass in kg for a prescribed geographic area.
**Number of ADDDs is expressed in number/1,000 animals/year, where a standardized ADDD is the mean of all observed doses of antimicrobial across indications for a given species in mg/kg per day; presently, no global standardized ADDD exists and would need to be established for priority food-producing animal species.
***Number of ADCDs is expressed in number/1,000 animals/year, where a standardized ADCD is in mg/kg/treatment course.
Abbreviations: ADCD, animal defined course dose; ADDD, animal defined daily dose; API, active pharmaceutical ingredient; LMIC, low- and middle-income country; mg, milligram; PCU, population correction unit.