Table 1. Phased capacity approach to establishing surveillance for antimicrobial consumption in food animal production context of LMICs.

Parameter	Phase One	Phase Two	Phase Three	Phase Four	Phase Five
Methodology	mg/PCU	mg/PCU	mg/PCU	mg/PCU and ADDD	mg/PCU, ADDD, and ADCD
Unit of Measurement	mg/PCU*	mg/PCU disaggregated by species	mg/PCU disaggregated by species and production type	mg/PCU and number of ADDDs**	mg/PCU and number of ADDDs and ADCDs***
Data Requirements	- Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class - Total annual animal biomass (locally produced minus imported, plus exported)	- Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class and animal species - Total annual animal biomass by species (locally produced minus imported, plus exported)	- Total annual API sales (imported and manufactured minus exported) by class, animal species, and production type - Total annual animal biomass by species and production type (locally produced minus imported, plus exported)	Phase three data plus: - On-farm consumption data by species/type (mg/kg/day), route, and intended use, derived from product formulation, concentration, and unit size - On-farm production figures	Phase four data plus: - On-farm consumption data by species/type (mg/kg/course), route, and intended use, derived from product formulation, concentration, and unit - On-farm production figures
Data Source	- National registry of API sales - Animal production census data	- National registry of API sales - Distributor and end-user checks - Animal production census data	- National registry of API sales - Distributor and end-user checks - Animal production census data	Phase three sources plus: - On-farm usage reporting and production records, as collected from producers, veterinarians, pharmacies, feed mills	Phase three sources plus: - On-farm usage reporting and production records, as collected from producers, veterinarians, pharmacies, feed mills
Reporting Frequency	Annual	Annual	Annual	Annual	Annual

*PCU is defined as total live and slaughtered animal biomass in kg for a prescribed geographic area.

**Number of ADDDs is expressed in number/1,000 animals/year, where a standardized ADDD is the mean of all observed doses of antimicrobial across indications for a given species in mg/kg per day; presently, no global standardized ADDD exists and would need to be established for priority food-producing animal species.

***Number of ADCDs is expressed in number/1,000 animals/year, where a standardized ADCD is in mg/kg/treatment course.

Abbreviations: ADCD, animal defined course dose; ADDD, animal defined daily dose; API, active pharmaceutical ingredient; LMIC, low- and middle-income country; mg, milligram; PCU, population correction unit.