Table 2.

Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (LADME) parameters affected by the circadian clock (Adapted from Baraldo, 2008⁹¹)

Action	Modulated Physiological Activity
Liberation	Time-specified (immediate, controlled, etc.) release of a drug
Absorption	Perfusion, gastric pH change, acid secretion, motility, gastric emptying, sleep-wake rhythm
Distribution	Blood distribution, peripheral resistance, blood cell changes, serum protein levels
Metabolism	First-pass effect, enzyme activity, protein binding
Elimination	Renal perfusion, glomerular filtration, urine excretion, urine pH, electrolytes