Table 3. Characterizations of the research–clinical interface.

Characterization of interface	Explication
1. Research and clinical care seen as distinct	Research components are clearly designated and differentiated from clinical care (e.g., consent for participation is sought by research personnel in space dedicated to research)
2. Research and clinical care seen as distinct but interdigitated	Despite differentiation between research and clinical care in study design, the mixing of research and clinical care leads to potential confusion, prompting efforts to distinguish the two domains (e.g., avoiding having the clinician seek research consent; research team intentionally chooses to “hand off” management to clinical team after return of research results)
3. Negotiated or dynamically evolving interface between research and clinical care	Decisions related to research and clinical care activities are made in a negotiated or dynamically evolving way (e.g., determining which results to disclose to a participant or whether the research budget will cover costs of testing)
4. Translational merger of research and clinical care	Research and clinical care cannot be separated (e.g., study results are used to direct clinical care)

Bolded selected words signify differences among the 4 characterizations.