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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Voice. 2017 Aug 30;32(5):644.e1–644.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.08.003

Table 1.

Results of mixed models estimating the effect of sex, age cohort and sex X age cohort interaction on vowel fundamental frequencies and formants.

		Sex			Age cohort			Sex X Age cohort

Measure	Vowel	F (1,90)	p-value		F (2,90)	p-value		F (2,90)	p-value
f_o	i	289.37	<.0001	^*	3.96	0.0225	^*	10.84	<.0001	^*
	u	288.44	<.0001	^*	4.49	0.0138	^*	9.41	0.0002	^*
	æ	242.91	<.0001	^*	5.04	0.0084	^*	17.55	<.0001	^*
	ɑ	274.11	<.0001	^*	4.51	0.0136	^*	14.61	<.0001	^*
F1	i	87.75	<.0001	^*	4.53	0.0134	^*	1.63	0.2010
	u	41.77	<.0001	^*	10.85	<.0001	^*	5.72	0.0046	^*
	æ	100.10	<.0001	^*	9.35	0.0002	^*	4.05	0.0207	^*
	ɑ	133.96	<.0001	^*	1.11	0.3342		0.07	0.9323
F2	i	219.36	<.0001	^*	3.26	0.0430	^*	0.01	0.9924
	u	27.43	<.0001	^*	14.48	<.0001	^*	0.50	0.6105
	æ	155.69	<.0001	^*	6.07	0.0034	^*	2.31	0.1051
	ɑ	96.72	<.0001	^*	2.78	0.0672		0.91	0.4052
F3	i	154.43	<.0001	^*	0.97	0.3839		0.09	0.9147
	u	165.84	<.0001	^*	1.54	0.2205		2.29	0.1069
	æ	216.52	<.0001	^*	1.26	0.2873		4.25	0.0172	^*
	ɑ	67.07	<.0001	^*	1.14	0.3240		0.22	0.8009
F4	i	156.51	<.0001	^*	0.24	0.7842		0.02	0.9849
	u	169.92	<.0001	^*	0.79	0.4558		0.12	0.8837
	æ	139.79	<.0001	^*	1.11	0.3336		0.20	0.8155
	ɑ	57.17	<.0001	^*	2.23	0.1139		1.35	0.2638

^*

Fixed effect is significant at p < .05 alpha level.