Table 2.
Differences in urine excretion rate and blood metabolite concentration in the primary cohort, comparing participants with and without CKD.
| Metabolite | ID-number | Urine excretion rate |
Blood concentration |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % difference (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR | % difference (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR | ||
| Significant in both urine and blood | |||||||
| Stearate | HMDB00827 | − 53 (− 77, − 4) | 0.041 | 0.11 | 47 (13, 92) | 0.0068 | 0.021 |
| Palmitate | HMDB00220 | − 52 (− 75, − 8) | 0.03 | 0.092 | 55 (16, 107) | 0.0059 | 0.02 |
| Glycolate | HMDB00115 | − 45 (− 59, − 26) | 0.00026 | 0.0049 | − 19 (− 25, − 13) | 9.80E-07 | 5.80E-05 |
| 3-Hydroxyisovalerate | HMDB00754 | − 41 (− 55, − 23) | 0.00032 | 0.0049 | 25 (10, 42) | 0.0017 | 0.0093 |
| Isocitrate | HMDB00193 | − 41 (− 57, − 19) | 0.0021 | 0.016 | 24 (2, 52) | 0.033 | 0.061 |
| Homovanillate | HMDB00118 | − 37 (− 60, − 1) | 0.047 | 0.12 | − 13 (− 21, − 3) | 0.012 | 0.029 |
| L-2-Hydroxyglutarate | HMDB00694 | − 36 (− 48, − 20) | 0.0003 | 0.0049 | 6 (2, 11) | 0.0082 | 0.023 |
| Hydroxypropionate | HMDB00700 | − 29 (− 52, 4) | 0.077 | 0.18 | 18 (3, 36) | 0.021 | 0.043 |
| 2-Methylcitrate | HMDB00379 | − 28 (− 41, − 12) | 0.0027 | 0.018 | 13 (7, 19) | 0.00006 | 0.00094 |
| 3-Hydroxyglutarate | HMDB00428 | − 24 (− 42, 1) | 0.06 | 0.15 | 14 (6, 22) | 0.00077 | 0.0057 |
| Leucinate | HMDB00665 | − 5 (− 7, − 2) | 0.0029 | 0.018 | − 8 (− 14, − 1) | 0.032 | 0.061 |
| Significant in blood only | |||||||
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | HMDB00011 | − 5 (− 27, 24) | 0.72 | 0.78 | 113 (22, 272) | 0.011 | 0.028 |
| Hippurate | HMDB00714 | 6 (− 34, 71) | 0.79 | 0.83 | 109 (55, 181) | 0.00002 | 0.00057 |
| Oleate | HMDB00207 | − 11 (− 24, 4) | 0.14 | 0.29 | 80 (25, 159) | 0.0044 | 0.017 |
| Acetoacetate | HMDB00060 | − 1 (− 20, 24) | 0.95 | 0.95 | 76 (3, 203) | 0.041 | 0.071 |
| 3-Hydroxyadipate | HMDB00345 | − 16 (− 46, 31) | 0.42 | 0.6 | 38 (17, 62) | 0.00035 | 0.0034 |
| Glycerate | HMDB00139 | − 25 (− 54, 21) | 0.22 | 0.38 | 34 (1, 78) | 0.041 | 0.071 |
| 2-Hydroxybutyrate | HMDB00008 | 3 (− 19, 31) | 0.81 | 0.83 | 34 (− 1, 82) | 0.058 | 0.095 |
| Myristate | HMDB00806 | − 1 (− 4, 1) | 0.2 | 0.36 | 29 (− 6, 77) | 0.11 | 0.16 |
| 2-Ethylhydracrylate | HMDB00396 | − 16 (− 41, 20) | 0.32 | 0.5 | 28 (11, 47) | 0.0012 | 0.0072 |
| L-Malate | HMDB00156 | − 22 (− 52, 27) | 0.3 | 0.48 | 22 (7, 40) | 0.0054 | 0.02 |
| p-Hydroxyphenylacetate | HMDB00020 | − 7 (− 28, 22) | 0.6 | 0.72 | 18 (8, 29) | 0.00071 | 0.0057 |
| 3-Methylglutaconate | HMDB00522 | − 4 (− 27, 27) | 0.78 | 0.83 | 16 (6, 27) | 0.0025 | 0.011 |
| Hydroxyphenyllactate | HMDB00755 | − 8 (− 28, 18) | 0.48 | 0.61 | 13 (2, 26) | 0.021 | 0.043 |
| 4-Hydroxyhippurate | HMDB13678 | − 28 (− 72, 84) | 0.47 | 0.61 | 10 (3, 18) | 0.008 | 0.023 |
| Phenylpyruvate | HMDB00205 | − 2 (− 5, 2) | 0.26 | 0.42 | 10 (2, 20) | 0.017 | 0.038 |
| Fumarate | HMDB00134 | − 4 (− 17, 12) | 0.62 | 0.72 | 7 (2, 12) | 0.011 | 0.028 |
| Adipate | HMDB00448 | − 1 (− 31, 42) | 0.94 | 0.95 | 6 (2, 9) | 0.001 | 0.0067 |
| Hexanoylglycine | HMDB00701 | − 23 (− 48, 14) | 0.18 | 0.35 | 6 (1, 11) | 0.017 | 0.038 |
| 3-Methyladipate | HMDB00555 | − 10 (− 31, 18) | 0.43 | 0.6 | 5 (2, 7) | 0.00022 | 0.0026 |
| Benzoate | HMDB01870 | − 5 (− 25, 20) | 0.65 | 0.73 | − 7 (− 11, − 2) | 0.0069 | 0.021 |
| Methylsuccinate | HMDB01844 | 4 (− 9, 19) | 0.52 | 0.64 | − 21 (− 35, − 5) | 0.018 | 0.04 |
| 2-Methylacetoacetate | HMDB03771 | − 5 (− 12, 2) | 0.14 | 0.29 | − 29 (− 43, − 13) | 0.0027 | 0.011 |
| Significant in urine only | |||||||
| Citrate | HMDB00094 | − 68 (− 82, − 44) | 0.00049 | 0.006 | − 11 (− 35, 22) | 0.45 | 0.56 |
| Succinate | HMDB00254 | − 47 (− 65, − 20) | 0.0048 | 0.023 | − 4 (− 13, 7) | 0.49 | 0.60 |
| 4-Hydroxybutyrate | HMDB00710 | − 46 (− 63, − 20) | 0.0049 | 0.023 | 5 (− 2, 14) | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| 2-oxoglutarate | HMDB00208 | − 42 (− 68, 5) | 0.071 | 0.17 | 9 (− 7, 28) | 0.27 | 0.36 |
| cis-Aconitate | HMDB00072 | − 40 (− 58, − 16) | 0.0051 | 0.023 | − 20 (− 41, 9) | 0.14 | 0.20 |
| Methylmalonate | HMDB00202 | − 40 (− 60, − 10) | 0.018 | 0.06 | 1 (− 4, 6) | 0.74 | 0.84 |
| 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate | HMDB00354 | − 39 (− 53, − 21) | 0.0011 | 0.011 | 3 (− 1, 8) | 0.097 | 0.15 |
| Tiglylglycine | HMDB00959 | − 37 (− 49, − 24) | 0.00005 | 0.0029 | 2 (0, 4) | 0.03 | 0.058 |
| Ethylmalonate | HMDB00622 | − 37 (− 55, − 10) | 0.015 | 0.054 | 4 (0, 9) | 0.057 | 0.095 |
| N-acetyl-l-aspartate | HMDB00812 | − 31 (− 47, − 10) | 0.0085 | 0.033 | 6 (− 16, 32) | 0.62 | 0.74 |
| Pyroglutamate | HMDB00267 | − 30 (− 50, − 2) | 0.039 | 0.11 | 16 (− 5, 43) | 0.15 | 0.20 |
| Glutarate | HMDB00661 | − 27 (− 41, − 10) | 0.0071 | 0.029 | 4 (− 3, 10) | 0.24 | 0.33 |
| Glutaconate | HMDB00620 | − 24 (− 36, − 9) | 0.0049 | 0.023 | 1 (− 2, 3) | 0.7 | 0.82 |
| Ortho-hydroxyphenylacetate | HMDB00669 | − 23 (− 37, − 6) | 0.016 | 0.057 | 1 (0, 1) | 0.1 | 0.16 |
| Azelate | HMDB00784 | − 22 (− 31, − 10) | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0 (− 4, 3) | 0.81 | 0.88 |
| 3-Hydroxymethylglutarate | HMDB00355 | − 20 (− 35, − 1) | 0.037 | 0.11 | 2 (1, 2) | 0.0021 | 0.01 |
Note: Data are relative difference (% and 95% CI) between non-diabetic CKD and healthy controls. A positive percent difference indicates that the metabolite was higher in CKD than in controls. The significance threshold is ≥ 5% difference between CKD and controls and Q-values indicating a FDR < 20%. The % difference and p-values for metabolites passing this threshold are in bold print. Analytes are ordered by magnitude of difference between cases and controls. p-Values are based on t-test on log-transformed values assuming unequal variance.