Figure 9.

(a) Six model membrane systems, denoted M1–M6, with specified values of ${\mathcal{A}}_{\text{ex}}$ and κ. For any system M_i (i = 1 ⋯ 6), M_i1, M_i2, and M_i3 correspond to tethers extracted with ℛ_bead = 25, 50, and 75 nm, respectively. The values of ${\mathcal{W}}_{\mathrm{t}}$, ℱ_t, and ℛ_t for all the systems are shown in panels (b), (c), and (d), respectively.