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. 2018 Mar 1;8:3829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22052-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Early HMOS dietary intervention changes the alpha diversity and beta diversity of fecal microbiota of the non-diabetic and diabetic mice within each group at four collection points. (A) richness. (B) Shannon’s index. (C) Simpson’s index. (D) evenness. Alpha diversity indices data are represented as mean ± SEM, n = 17–20/ group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using one-way ANOVA test. (E) Inter-group analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) (Beta diversity). Global R comparison was based on ANOSIM performed within the software R package, as described in the text. P-values were calculated based on a permutational analysis, employing 9,999 permutations. p < 0.05, n = 17–20/group. CD: Control Diabetic; CND: Control Non-diabetic; HD: HMOS Diabetic; HND: HMOS Non-diabetic.