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. 2018 Mar 1;8:3829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22052-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Early HMOS dietary intervention increases production of SCFAs in the fecal samples which are correlated to severity of insulitis. (A) Concentrations of total SCFAs (sum of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid), (B) acetic acid, (C) propionic acid, and (D) butyric acid shown as in total or diabetic (Dia) and Non-diabetic (Non-dia) of control and HMOS group, fecal samples were collected from Wk9. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 17–20/ group. Statistical differences between groups are depicted as *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01using Mann-Whitney U-test. (E) and (F) Significant correlations between acetic acid and butyric acid with insulitis score, Spearman correlation analysis was used, r- and p-value included respectively.