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. 2018 Mar 1;8:3829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22052-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HMOS, HMOS + Butyrate, and HMOS + Acetate induce direct immunomodulatory effects on murine bone marrow derived DCs phenotype and cytokines microenvironment in vitro. (A) Representative histograms of maturation, co-stimulatory, and inhibitory markers expression on DCs and (B) MFI of given markers expression were shown. (C) Representative histograms of migratory markers expression on DCs and (D) median florescence of intensity of given migratory markers were shown. DCs were treated by medium, HMOS, HMOS + Butyrate, or HMOS + Acetate with (black lines) or without (grey lines) LPS activation for 24 h. Filled histograms represent isotype controlled mAb staining. Gating strategy shown in Fig. S7. (E) Concentrations of IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-6 by medium- (black bars), HMOS− (white bars), HMOS + Butyrate- (dark grey bars), HMOS + Acetate-DC (grey bars. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 3–4 for DCs activation experiment. Statistical differences between groups are depicted as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.01 using Mann-Whitney U-test.