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. 2018 Mar 1;8:3886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22123-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) FESEM micrographs of the fabricated Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS (marked with black arrows), (b) FESEM micrograph at higher resolution (with the inset showing a single GNS with the encapsulated Pt nanoparticle in its centre), (c) and (d) TEM micrographs of the Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS with the encapsulated Pt nanoparticles in it (marked with white arrows) (d’) Inset displays the magnified open end of the Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS (marked with rectangular box), (e) TEM micrograph of a edge of Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS which shows the graphene sheets rolled (marked with black arrows) with the Pt nanoparticles (marked in white arrows) encapsulated in its core and surface. (f) HRTEM micrographs of Pd-Fe₂O₃-NS illustrating the presence of lattice fringes of graphene, (g) and (g’) FESEM-EDX mapping of the selected region (marked in white box) showing the distribution of the Pt element on Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS and (h) compositional analysis of the elements in the Pt-Fe₂O₃-NS. (h) XRD diffractograms and (i) Raman spectroscopy of the Pt and Pd-Fe₂O₃-NS fabricated using catalytically active Pt-Fe₂O₃-CNCs and Pd-Fe₂O₃-CNCs as the structural directing templates.