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. 2018 Mar 1;8:3895. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22193-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of Pde4d KD and fear conditioning on spines in retrosplenial layer 2/3 neurons. (A) Representative laser scanning confocal micrographs of dendritic segments and dendritic spines in RSC L2/3 pyramidal neurons. Examples of thin-necked spines (yellow arrow), mushroom (arrowhead), and stubby (double arrowhead) spines in the 3× magnification insert represent the different spine classes. (B) Total spine number is increased by Pde4d KD independent of training. (C) Fear conditioning did not increase spine density in shGFP control virus injected mice. (D) Increased density of mushroom spines is observed after Pde4d KD and training. Stubby spines, in contrast, occur at a higher density in shPde4d virus injected mice irrespective of training when compared shGFP controls shown in panel C. n = 44–56 samples from 8 mice per group. Significant differences from untrained mice (naive) mice are indicated by an asterisk (*), and changes from shGFP control by the greek letter Chi (χ).