Table 1. Demographics and Neuropsychological Test Scores at the Time of Neuroimaginga .
| Characteristic | Biomarker Group | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ−/ND−
(n = 42) |
Aβ+/ND− (n = 32) |
Aβ−/ND+
(n = 35) |
Aβ+/ND+ (n = 66) |
Total (n = 175) |
||
| Female sex, No. (%) | 15 (35.7) | 13 (40.6) | 13 (37.1) | 30 (45.5) | 71 (40.6) | .75 |
| Nonwhite race/ethnicity, No. (%) | 0 | 1 (3.1) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (2.3) | |
| Age in 2009, mean (SD), y | 85.1 (2.0) | 86.8 (3.7) | 85.8 (2.8) | 86.2 (2.8) | 86.0 (2.9) | .08 |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 14.7 (2.8) | 13.9 (2.2) | 14.8 (2.8) | 15.0 (2.6) | 14.7 (2.6) | .30 |
| APOE*4 allele carrier, No. (%) | 2/40 (5.0) | 5/27 (18.5) | 2/34 (5.9) | 22/62 (35.5) | 31/163 (19.0) | <.001 |
| MCI in 2009, No. (%) | 4 (9.5) | 6 (18.8) | 7 (20.0) | 18 (27.3) | 35 (20) | .18 |
| Randomized to receive Ginkgo biloba, 2000-2008, No. (%) | 24 (57.1) | 18 (56.3) | 35 (53.0) | 11 (31.4) | 88 (50.3) | .09 |
| Memory, mean (SD), score | ||||||
| CVLT immediate recall (No. of words) | 46.71 (10.58) | 42.06 (11.90) | 42.14 (11.41) | 40.50 (12.55) | 42.60 (15) | .07 |
| CVLT delayed recall (No. of words) | 9.38 (3.19) | 8.38 (3.32) | 7.40 (3.87) | 7.57 (4.03) | 8.12 (3.74) | .05 |
| R-O figure immediate recall | 17.50 (3.41) | 16.84 (3.62) | 16.30 (3.82) | 14.83 (4.21) | 16.13 (3.97) | .004 |
| R-O figure delayed recall (maximum 24 points) | 16.85 (3.70) | 17.16 (4.17) | 15.64 (4.28) | 14.92 (4.42) | 15.93 (4.17) | .03 |
| Executive function, mean (SD), score | ||||||
| Trails B (s) | 100.86 (44.66) | 127.38 (52.33) | 105.94 (43.29) | 122.68 (53.60) | 114 (50.08) | .05 |
| Visual-spatial reasoning, mean (SD), score | ||||||
| R-O figure copy (maximum 24 points) | 21.00 (2.37) | 20.30 (2.17) | 20.53 (2.46) | 19.95 (2.56) | 20.38 (2.44) | .18 |
| Language, mean (SD), score | ||||||
| Semantic fluency (No. of words) | 27.38 (9.03) | 28.13 (7.15) | 26.85 (8.42) | 28.07 (7.90) | 27.67 (8.15) | .88 |
| Phonemic fluency (No. of words) | 16.50 (3.68) | 15.00 (3.62) | 15.11 (3.86) | 14.10 (4.07) | 15.05 (3.93) | .02 |
| Attention and psychomotor speed, mean (SD), score | ||||||
| Trails A (s) | 42.19 (13.21) | 47.06 (15.40) | 39.91 (12.74) | 50.60 (19.84) | 45.77 (16.75) | .007 |
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; ND, neurodegeneration; R-O, Rey-Osterrieth.
a
Neuroimaging was performed in 2009. A reduced battery was administered in 2009, omitting Block Design, Stroop Test, and Boston Naming Test.