Table 2. Neuropsychological Test Scores at Baseline and Follow-up.

Neuropsychological Test	HIV-Positive Participants			HIV-Negative Participants			P Value for Group Statistics
	Mean (SD)		P Value for Change Over Timea	Mean (SD)		P Value for Change Over Timea	HIV-Positive vs HIV-Negative Participantsa	Group ×  Timea
	Baseline	Follow-up		Baseline	Follow-up
Trail Making Test A, time to completion, sb	32.5 (11.0)	30.9 (12.4)	.08	26.0 (7.6)	27.9 (9.5)	.14	.01	.03
Trail Making Test B, time to completion, sb	93.7 (38.0)	84.9 (34.1)	.21	62.4 (16.4)	65.2 (21.1)	.20	<.001	.14
HVLT-R: immediate recall, No. of correct wordsc	20.8 (4.7)	21.6 (5.22)	.29	23.4 (4.7)	23.4 (5.4)	.90	.05	.56
HVLT-R: delayed recall, No. of correct wordsc	7.5 (2.4)	7.1 (4.1)	.60	8.5 (3.1)	8.1 (2.8)	.43	.24	.91
Digit Symbol Substitution Task, No. of correct marksc	65.3 (15.3)	67.5 (16.9)	.02	76.6 (15.9)	77.3 (13.1)	.73	<.001	.27
Letter-Number Sequencing, No. of correct marksc	8.3 (3.2)	8.6 (2.3)	.70	10.9 (2.7)	10.9 (3.0)	.78	<.001	.49
Action Fluency, No. of verbsc	12.6 (4.9)	13.0 (5.7)	.74	15.6 (7.4)	15.0 (7.5)	.21	.10	.31
Letter Fluency, No. of wordsc	33.4 (11.2)	36.6 (10.2)	.003	40.1 (12.7)	43.6 (12.2)	.02	.01	.76

Abbreviation: HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised.

^aStatistical models included all available data from both time points adjusting for age, sex, and educational level with mixed-effects modeling. Participant level intercept was included as a random effect. P value derived from likelihood ratio testing.

^bLower scores indicate better performance.

^cHigher scores indicate better performance.