Table 1. Comparison of Patient Characteristics by Hospital Type.
| Characteristic | Hospital Typea | P Valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major Teaching | Minor Teaching | Nonteaching | ||
| Hospitalizations, No. | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia | 3439 | 3281 | 17 398 | NA |
| Cellulitis | 2912 | 2258 | 14 041 | NA |
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia | 3.95 (2.03) | 3.92 (2.02) | 3.91 (2.02) | .65 |
| Cellulitis | 3.77 (1.84) | 3.71 (1.83) | 3.75 (1.86) | .51 |
| Illness severityc | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 | 309 (9.0) | 416 (12.7) | 2151 (12.4) | <.001 |
| 2 | 1529 (44.5) | 1553 (47.3) | 8198 (47.1) | |
| 3 | 1452 (42.2) | 1183 (36.1) | 6467 (37.2) | |
| 4 | 149 (4.3) | 129 (3.9) | 582 (3.3) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 | 772 (26.5) | 718 (31.8) | 4091 (29.1) | <.001 |
| 2 | 1454 (49.9) | 1137 (50.4) | 7320 (52.1) | |
| 3 | 645 (22.1) | 388 (17.2) | 2555 (18.2) | |
| 4 | 41 (1.4) | 15 (0.7) | 75 (0.5) | |
| Age group, y | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 316 (9.2) | 188 (5.7) | 1017 (5.8) | <.001 |
| 35-54 | 732 (21.3) | 585 (17.8) | 2969 (17.1) | |
| 55-74 | 1303 (37.9) | 1225 (37.3) | 6388 (36.7) | |
| ≥75 | 1088 (31.6) | 1283 (39.1) | 7024 (40.4) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 423 (14.5) | 346 (15.3) | 2012 (14.3) | <.001 |
| 35-54 | 1079 (37.1) | 774 (34.3) | 4690 (33.4) | |
| 55-74 | 996 (34.2) | 741 (32.8) | 4745 (33.8) | |
| ≥75 | 414 (14.2) | 397 (17.6) | 2594 (18.5) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 1910 (55.5) | 1858 (56.6) | 10 034 (57.7) | .05 |
| Male | 1529 (44.5) | 1423 (43.4) | 7364 (42.3) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 1317 (45.2) | 1044 (46.2) | 6673 (47.5) | .06 |
| Male | 1595 (54.8) | 1214 (53.8) | 7368 (52.5) | |
| Race | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 45 (1.3) | 87 (2.7) | 206 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Black | 830 (24.1) | 341 (10.4) | 1903 (10.9) | |
| White | 2107 (61.3) | 2222 (67.7) | 12761 (73.3) | |
| Other | 457 (13.3) | 631 (19.2) | 2528 (14.5) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 24 (0.8) | 28 (1.2) | 92 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Black | 559 (19.2) | 178 (7.9) | 1299 (9.3) | |
| White | 1818 (62.4) | 1615 (71.5) | 10 211 (72.7) | |
| Other | 511 (17.5) | 437 (19.4) | 2439 (17.4) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 752 (21.9) | 779 (23.7) | 4153 (23.9) | .04 |
| Non-Hispanic | 2687 (78.1) | 2502 (76.3) | 13 245 (76.1) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 802 (27.5) | 616 (27.3) | 3984 (28.4) | .42 |
| Non-Hispanic | 2110 (72.5) | 1642 (72.7) | 10 057 (71.6) | |
| Payer | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Medicaid | 277 (8.1) | 193 (5.9) | 1021 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 1757 (51.1) | 1806 (55.0) | 9339 (53.7) | |
| Military | 15 (0.4) | 23 (0.7) | 193 (1.1) | |
| Private | 732 (21.3) | 922 (28.1) | 5620 (32.3) | |
| Uninsured | 658 (19.1) | 337 (10.3) | 1225 (7.0) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Medicaid | 189 (6.5) | 214 (9.5) | 1069 (7.6) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 929 (31.9) | 750 (33.2) | 4698 (33.5) | |
| Military | 18 (0.6) | 14 (0.6) | 126 (0.9) | |
| Private | 791 (27.2) | 792 (35.1) | 5783 (41.2) | |
| Uninsured | 985 (33.8) | 488 (21.6) | 2365 (16.8) | |
| Type of admission | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Emergency | 2700 (78.5) | 2859 (87.1) | 14 906 (85.7) | <.001 |
| Urgent | 671 (19.5) | 312 (9.5) | 1423 (8.2) | |
| Direct | 68 (2.0) | 110 (3.4) | 1069 (6.1) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Emergency | 2222 (76.3) | 1806 (80.0) | 11 158 (79.5) | <.001 |
| Urgent | 610 (20.9) | 296 (13.1) | 1400 (10.0) | |
| Direct | 80 (2.7) | 156 (6.9) | 1483 (10.6) | |
| Discharge disposition | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia, No. (%) | ||||
| Deceased | 24 (0.7) | 42 (1.3) | 206 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Home | 2637 (76.7) | 2318 (70.6) | 11 997 (69.0) | |
| Home with home health | 336 (9.8) | 291 (8.9) | 1819 (10.5) | |
| Hospice | 27 (0.8) | 55 (1.7) | 305 (1.8) | |
| Other | 145 (4.2) | 272 (8.3) | 1304 (7.5) | |
| Skilled nursing facility | 270 (7.9) | 303 (9.2) | 1767 (10.2) | |
| Cellulitis, No. (%) | ||||
| Deceased | 5 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | <.001 |
| Home | 2319 (79.6) | 1713 (75.9) | 10 228 (72.8) | |
| Home with home health | 294 (10.1) | 233 (10.3) | 1977 (14.1) | |
| Hospice | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | |
| Other | 166 (5.7) | 190 (8.4) | 938 (6.7) | |
| Skilled nursing facility | 122 (4.2) | 115 (5.1) | 855 (6.1) | |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
For an explanation of hospital types, see the Inclusion Criteria and Study Population subsection of the Methods section.
b
χ2 Tests used for comparison of categorical data and one-way analysis of variance used for comparing means.
c
Illness severity refers to illness severity from the Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File, which is an assignment of a severity of illness score from the All Patient Refined (APR) Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) from the 3M APR-DRG Grouper. The score indicates the extent of physiological decompensation and ranges in a discrete scale from 1 to 4 (1 = minor, 2 = moderate, 3 = major, and 4 = extreme).