Table 4. Educational Attainment Among Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Compared With Unaffected Individuals and Full Siblings of Affected Individuals, Stratified by Age at First Diagnosis.
Level of Education | No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individuals With OCD | Individuals Without OCD | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Modela | Full Sibling Comparisona | |
Diagnosed With OCD Before Age 18 Years | |||||
Compulsory education | 2512 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
Vocational program | 2059 (82.0) | 1 118 459 (91.3) | 0.43 (0.39-0.48) | 0.38 (0.34-0.42) | 0.38 (0.30-0.49) |
Academic program | 1482 (59.0) | 943 458 (77.0) | 0.43 (0.40-0.46) | 0.45 (0.42-0.49) | 0.46 (0.38-0.56) |
Postcompulsory education | 4296 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
Finishing upper secondary school | 1435 (33.4) | 1 395 993 (66.5) | 0.25 (0.24-0.27) | 0.46 (0.43-0.49) | 0.43 (0.38-0.49) |
Starting a university degree | 479 (11.2) | 605 011 (28.8) | 0.31 (0.28-0.34) | 0.59 (0.54-0.65) | 0.52 (0.44-0.62) |
Finishing a university degree | 92 (2.1) | 292 960 (14.0) | 0.14 (0.11-0.17) | 0.43 (0.35-0.53) | 0.49 (0.35-0.68) |
Finishing postgraduate education | 1 (0.0) | 6876 (0.3) | NA | NA | NA |
Diagnosed With OCD at or After Age 18 Years | |||||
Compulsory education | 6903 | 2 100 434 | NA | NA | NA |
Vocational program | 5903 (85.5) | 1 118 459 (91.3) | 0.56 (0.52-0.60) | 0.52 (0.48-0.56) | 0.60 (0.52-0.70) |
Academic program | 4931 (71.4) | 943 458 (77.0) | 0.75 (0.71-0.79) | 0.68 (0.65-0.72) | 0.74 (0.66-0.83) |
Postcompulsory education | 10 824 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
Finishing upper secondary school | 6560 (60.6) | 1 395 993 (66.5) | 0.78 (0.75-0.81) | 0.41 (0.40-0.43) | 0.45 (0.42-0.49) |
Starting a university degree | 3494 (32.3) | 605 011 (28.8) | 1.18 (1.13-1.23) | 0.75 (0.72-0.78) | 0.67 (0.62-0.73) |
Finishing a university degree | 1534 (14.2) | 292 960 (14.0) | 1.02 (0.97-1.08)b | 0.61 (0.57-0.64) | 0.54 (0.48-0.60) |
Finishing postgraduate education | 26 (0.2) | 6876 (0.3) | 0.73 (0.45-1.08)b | 0.51 (0.35-0.76) | 0.52 (0.24-1.14)b |
Abbreviations: OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
Adjusted by sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age at the birth of the study participant, and parity.
Nonsignificant findings. All other findings in this table are statistically significant.