Table 4. Educational Attainment Among Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Compared With Unaffected Individuals and Full Siblings of Affected Individuals, Stratified by Age at First Diagnosis.
| Level of Education | No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals With OCD | Individuals Without OCD | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Modela | Full Sibling Comparisona | |
| Diagnosed With OCD Before Age 18 Years | |||||
| Compulsory education | 2512 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
| Vocational program | 2059 (82.0) | 1 118 459 (91.3) | 0.43 (0.39-0.48) | 0.38 (0.34-0.42) | 0.38 (0.30-0.49) |
| Academic program | 1482 (59.0) | 943 458 (77.0) | 0.43 (0.40-0.46) | 0.45 (0.42-0.49) | 0.46 (0.38-0.56) |
| Postcompulsory education | 4296 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
| Finishing upper secondary school | 1435 (33.4) | 1 395 993 (66.5) | 0.25 (0.24-0.27) | 0.46 (0.43-0.49) | 0.43 (0.38-0.49) |
| Starting a university degree | 479 (11.2) | 605 011 (28.8) | 0.31 (0.28-0.34) | 0.59 (0.54-0.65) | 0.52 (0.44-0.62) |
| Finishing a university degree | 92 (2.1) | 292 960 (14.0) | 0.14 (0.11-0.17) | 0.43 (0.35-0.53) | 0.49 (0.35-0.68) |
| Finishing postgraduate education | 1 (0.0) | 6876 (0.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Diagnosed With OCD at or After Age 18 Years | |||||
| Compulsory education | 6903 | 2 100 434 | NA | NA | NA |
| Vocational program | 5903 (85.5) | 1 118 459 (91.3) | 0.56 (0.52-0.60) | 0.52 (0.48-0.56) | 0.60 (0.52-0.70) |
| Academic program | 4931 (71.4) | 943 458 (77.0) | 0.75 (0.71-0.79) | 0.68 (0.65-0.72) | 0.74 (0.66-0.83) |
| Postcompulsory education | 10 824 | 1 224 627 | NA | NA | NA |
| Finishing upper secondary school | 6560 (60.6) | 1 395 993 (66.5) | 0.78 (0.75-0.81) | 0.41 (0.40-0.43) | 0.45 (0.42-0.49) |
| Starting a university degree | 3494 (32.3) | 605 011 (28.8) | 1.18 (1.13-1.23) | 0.75 (0.72-0.78) | 0.67 (0.62-0.73) |
| Finishing a university degree | 1534 (14.2) | 292 960 (14.0) | 1.02 (0.97-1.08)b | 0.61 (0.57-0.64) | 0.54 (0.48-0.60) |
| Finishing postgraduate education | 26 (0.2) | 6876 (0.3) | 0.73 (0.45-1.08)b | 0.51 (0.35-0.76) | 0.52 (0.24-1.14)b |
Abbreviations: OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted by sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age at the birth of the study participant, and parity.
b
Nonsignificant findings. All other findings in this table are statistically significant.