Table 1. Characteristics of US Adult Kidney Transplantation Candidates by Period Listed on Transplant Waiting List, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004a.
| Baseline Characteristics | Transplant Waiting List Cohortb |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995-1999 | 2000-2004 | |||||||
| White (n = 42 210) |
Black (n = 22 855) |
Hispanic (n = 8937) |
Asian (n = 3771) |
White (n = 46 633) |
Black (n = 28 794) |
Hispanic (n = 14 549) |
Asian (n = 5727) |
|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.3 (12.8) | 45.6 (12.5) | 45.9 (13.0) | 46.8 (12.6) | 51.9 (12.8) | 47.9 (12.5) | 48.2 (13.2) | 49.7 (13.1) |
| Age group, y | ||||||||
| 18-44 | 16 014 (37.9) | 10 149 (44.4) | 3893 (43.6) | 1552 (41.2) | 12 243 (26.3) | 10 764 (37.4) | 5270 (36.2) | 1889 (33.0) |
| 45-60 | 18 095 (42.9) | 9814 (42.9) | 3784 (42.3) | 1665 (44.2) | 21 527 (46.2) | 13 119 (45.6) | 6420 (44.1) | 2545 (44.4) |
| >60 | 8101 (19.2) | 2892 (12.7) | 1260 (14.1) | 554 (14.7) | 12 863 (27.6) | 4911 (17.1) | 2859 (19.7) | 1293 (22.6) |
| Female sex | 16 403 (38.9) | 9856 (43.1) | 3557 (39.8) | 1729 (45.8) | 18 152 (38.9) | 12 497 (43.4) | 5737 (39.4) | 2539 (44.3) |
| Body mass indexc | ||||||||
| <30 | 30 883 (73.2) | 15 285 (66.9) | 6653 (74.4) | 3307 (87.7) | 30 719 (65.9) | 17 487 (60.7) | 10 162 (69.8) | 4927 (86.0) |
| 30-34.9 | 6489 (15.4) | 4062 (17.8) | 1375 (15.4) | 228 (6.0) | 9790 (21.0) | 6553 (22.8) | 2823 (19.4) | 541 (9.4) |
| >34.9 | 2926 (6.9) | 2266 (9.9) | 588 (6.6) | 92 (2.4) | 5076 (10.9) | 4090 (14.2) | 1327 (9.1) | 168 (2.9) |
| Peak PRA or CPRA, median (IQR) | 0 (0-5) | 0 (0-13) | 0 (0-10) | 0 (0-8) | 0 (0-5) | 0 (0-16) | 0 (0-9) | 0 (0-7) |
| Primary cause of end-stage kidney disease | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 9049 (21.4) | 3257 (14.3) | 1832 (20.5) | 464 (12.3) | 7847 (16.8) | 4617 (16.0) | 3854 (26.5) | 1111 (19.4) |
| Hypertension | 5123 (12.1) | 9156 (40.1) | 1657 (18.5) | 744 (19.7) | 6746 (14.5) | 11 499 (39.9) | 3035 (20.9) | 1265 (22.1) |
| Glomerular disease | 9008 (21.3) | 4052 (17.7) | 1897 (21.2) | 1205 (32.0) | 9517 (20.4) | 4849 (16.8) | 2569 (17.7) | 1586 (27.7) |
| Cystic disease | 5127 (12.1) | 631 (2.8) | 469 (5.2) | 177 (4.7) | 6137 (13.2) | 867 (3.0) | 675 (4.6) | 210 (3.7) |
| Other cause | 13 903 (32.9) | 5759 (25.2) | 3082 (34.5) | 1181 (31.3) | 16 386 (35.1) | 6962 (24.2) | 4416 (30.4) | 1555 (27.2) |
| ABO blood type | ||||||||
| O | 19 326 (45.8) | 11 446 (50.1) | 5124 (57.3) | 1486 (39.4) | 21 391 (45.9) | 14 447 (50.2) | 8499 (58.4) | 2283 (39.9) |
| A | 16 546 (39.2) | 5789 (25.3) | 2740 (30.7) | 1054 (28.0) | 18 195 (39.0) | 7285 (25.3) | 4251 (29.2) | 1484 (25.9) |
| B | 4714 (11.2) | 4674 (20.5) | 888 (9.9) | 984 (26.1) | 5270 (11.3) | 5992 (20.8) | 1453 (10.0) | 1587 (27.7) |
| AB | 1624 (3.8) | 946 (4.1) | 185 (2.1) | 247 (6.5) | 1777 (3.8) | 1070 (3.7) | 346 (2.4) | 373 (6.5) |
| Health Care Access and Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||
| Primary health insurance coveraged | ||||||||
| Private | 21 600 (51.2) | 7211 (31.6) | 2582 (28.9) | 1706 (45.2) | 25 062 (53.7) | 10 390 (36.1) | 4646 (31.9) | 2921 (51.0) |
| Medicare | 17 370 (41.2) | 12 744 (55.8) | 4879 (54.6) | 1375 (36.5) | 18 166 (39.0) | 14 688 (51.0) | 7416 (51.0) | 1927 (33.6) |
| Medicaid | 1787 (4.2) | 2193 (9.6) | 1232 (13.8) | 486 (12.9) | 1814 (3.9) | 2489 (8.6) | 2191 (15.1) | 691 (12.1) |
| Other coverage | 1229 (2.9) | 600 (2.6) | 228 (2.6) | 193 (5.1) | 1582 (3.4) | 1227 (4.3) | 293 (2.0) | 187 (3.3) |
| Highest level of educationd | ||||||||
| <College degree | 24 519 (58.1) | 15 124 (66.2) | 6212 (69.5) | 1765 (46.8) | 28 244 (60.6) | 19 243 (66.8) | 10 621 (73.0) | 3197 (55.8) |
| College degree | 5512 (13.1) | 1819 (8.0) | 519 (5.8) | 633 (16.8) | 6429 (13.8) | 2579 (9.0) | 759 (5.2) | 800 (14.0) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 2316 (5.5) | 588 (2.6) | 160 (1.8) | 315 (8.4) | 2978 (6.4) | 880 (3.1) | 219 (1.5) | 445 (7.8) |
| Time receiving renal replacement therapy, yd | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.2 (0-0.9) | 0.3 (0-1.4) | 0.4 (0-1.4) | 0.3 (0-1.1) | 0.5 (0-1.4) | 1.2 (0.5-2.6) | 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | 0.7 (0.2-1.8) |
| <1 | 32 815 (77.7) | 15 575 (68.1) | 5918 (66.2) | 2761 (73.2) | 30 009 (64.4) | 12 756 (44.3) | 6690 (46.0) | 3359 (58.7) |
| 1-2 | 5300 (12.6) | 3318 (14.5) | 1508 (16.9) | 499 (13.2) | 8565 (18.4) | 6521 (22.6) | 3615 (24.8) | 1070 (18.7) |
| >2 | 4095 (9.7) | 3962 (17.3) | 1511 (16.9) | 511 (13.6) | 8059 (17.3) | 9517 (33.1) | 4244 (29.2) | 1298 (22.7) |
| Neighborhood poverty level of households, %d,e | ||||||||
| <5 | 8075 (19.1) | 647 (2.8) | 203 (2.3) | 785 (20.8) | 9299 (19.9) | 966 (3.4) | 312 (2.1) | 1321 (23.1) |
| 5-19 | 28 867 (68.4) | 5791 (25.3) | 2460 (27.5) | 2067 (54.8) | 32 561 (69.8) | 7877 (27.4) | 4152 (28.5) | 3212 (56.1) |
| ≥20 | 3293 (7.8) | 15 353 (67.2) | 5828 (65.2) | 711 (18.9) | 3606 (7.7) | 19 150 (66.5) | 9559 (65.7) | 997 (17.4) |
| Met Transplantation Center Criteriad | ||||||||
| Median patient distance >160 km to centerf | 8501 (20.1) | 2658 (11.6) | 1698 (19.0) | 517 (13.7) | 9347 (20.0) | 3684 (12.8) | 3157 (21.7) | 562 (9.8) |
| Kidney transplantation volume ≥1100 patients | 36 894 (87.4) | 20 145 (88.1) | 7940 (88.8) | 3242 (86.0) | 37 617 (80.7) | 24 028 (83.4) | 12 583 (86.5) | 4682 (81.8) |
| Estimate of nonwhite kidney transplantation candidates >50% | 17 219 (40.8) | 15 179 (66.4) | 7348 (82.2) | 2777 (73.6) | 20 525 (44.0) | 20 224 (70.2) | 12 341 (84.8) | 4472 (78.1) |
| Median time >3 y to deceased donor kidney transplantation | 18 299 (43.4) | 12 478 (54.6) | 5102 (57.1) | 2353 (62.4) | 28 976 (62.1) | 20 711 (71.9) | 12 188 (83.8) | 4865 (84.9) |
| Cumulative live donor kidney transplantation volume ≥40 | 36 778 (87.1) | 19 660 (86.0) | 7516 (84.1) | 3239 (85.9) | 43 786 (93.9) | 26 423 (91.8) | 13 205 (90.8) | 5357 (93.5) |
Abbreviations: CPRA, calculated panel reactive antibody; PRA, panel reactive antibody.
Complete data were available from 453 162 patients for age, sex, primary cause of end-stage kidney disease, time receiving renal replacement therapy, ABO blood type, and the transplantation center criteria except for median patient distance to center.
Data are expressed as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. Results were calculated based on complete data from patients by listing year. The following variables were missing data for some of the patients: primary health insurance coverage (0.1% missing overall, 0.5% in 1995-1999, 0% in 2000-2004, 0.1% in 2005-2009, 0% in 2010-2014), highest level of education (13.1% missing overall, 23.5% in 1995-1999, 20.2% in 2000-2004, 11.8% in 2005-2009, 4.3% in 2010-2014), body mass index (1.6% missing overall, 4.6% in 1995-1999, 2.1% in 2000-2004, 1.2% in 2005-2009, 0.2% in 2010-2014), peak PRA or CPRA (2.0% missing overall, 3.6% in 1995-1999, 3.1% in 2000-2004, 2.4% in 2005-2009, 0% in 2010-2014), neighborhood poverty level of households (2.6% missing overall, 4.7% in 1995-1999, 2.8% in 2000-2004, 2.1% in 2005-2009, 1.7% in 2010-2014), and median patient distance to center (1.1% missing overall, 2.8% in 1995-1999, 1.2% in 2000-2004, 0.6% in 2005-2009, 0.5% in 2010-2014).
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
These variables were not included as covariates in the primary models. Kidney transplantation volume and estimate of nonwhite kidney transplantation candidates were calculated based on the prevalence at the middle time point of the period interval.
Based on US Census estimates of residents living below the federal poverty level within the zip code where the candidate resided at the time of appearing on the waiting list.
Distance determined using zip code data.