Table 2. Characteristics of the Participants Who Progressed to Type 1 Diabetes.
| Characteristic | Casein Hydrolysate (n = 91a) |
Control Formula (n = 82a) |
Between-Group Difference (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, No. (%) | 49 (53.8) | 33 (40.2) | 13.6 (−2.1 to 28.4) | .07 |
| Age at diagnosis, median (Q1-Q3), y | 6.0 (3.1-8.9) | 5.8 (2.6-9.1) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.2) | .75 |
| Maximum No. of autoantibodies before diagnosis, median (Q1-Q3) | 4 (3-4) | 4 (3-4) | 0 (−0.3 to 0.3) | .55 |
| Participants with detectable autoantibodies before diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 Autoantibody | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.4) | 1.3 (−4.7 to 8.3) | .56 |
| 2 Autoantibodies | 7 (7.7) | 4 (4.9) | 2.8 (−6.1 to 11.5) | |
| 3 Autoantibodies | 29 (31.9) | 20 (24.4) | 7.5 (−6.8 to 21.2) | |
| 4 Autoantibodies | 52 (57.1) | 52 (63.4) | 6.3 (−9.0 to 21.1) | |
| Clinical symptoms at diagnosis, No. (%) | 70 (76.9) | 61 (74.4) | 2.5 (−10.9 to 16.1) | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis, No. (%) | 5 (5.5) | 3 (3.7) | 1.8 (−6.3 to 9.8) | .57 |
| Hemoglobin A1c at diagnosis, median (Q1-Q3) | ||||
| % (DCCT unit) | 7.9 (6.5-9.4) | 8.1 (7.0-9.3) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.7) | .77 |
| No. of infants | 80 | 72 | ||
| mmol/mol | 62.4 (47.8-79.1) | 65.0 (53.0-78.1) | 2.6 (−5.3 to 7.7) | .80 |
| No. of infants | 80 | 72 | ||
| Family history of type 1 diabetes, No. (%) | ||||
| Mother | 30 (33.0) | 29 (35.4) | 2.4 (−12.3 to 17.1) | .54 |
| Father | 32 (35.2) | 28 (34.2) | 1.0 (−13.8 to 15.6) | |
| Sibling | 18 (19.8) | 20 (24.4) | 4.6 (−8.5 to 17.8) | |
| >1 Sibling | 11 (12.1) | 5 (6.1) | 6.0 (−3.9 to 15.7) | |
| Breastfeeding >6 mo, No. (%) | 60 (65.9) | 48 (58.5) | 7.4 (−7.7 to 22.2) | .32 |
| No breastfeeding, No. (%) | 4 (4.4) | 4 (4.9) | 0.5 (−7.4 to 8.9) | .88 |
Abbreviation: Q, quartile.
a
Sample sizes are reported when they differ from the overall sample sizes.