Table 1.
Subject characteristics (unweighted n=10,388, weighted n=210,916,313)
| Characteristics | Total (n=10,388) |
Neither COPD nor OSA (n=9,237) |
OSA alone (n=366) |
COPD alone (n=695) |
OSA/COPD overlap (n=90) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Age (year) | 46.6±0.4 | 45.8±0.4 | 52.7±0.8 | 53.9±0.7 | 55.8±1.5 | <0.001* |
| 20–39 | 3,664 (37.8) | 3,474 (40.3) | 119 (20.3) | 63 (16.1) | 8 (9.9) | |
| 40–59 | 3,235 (38.9) | 2,827 (38.1) | 225 (41.0) | 149 (53.2) | 34 (46.4) | |
| 60–79 | 2,755 (18.9) | 2,305 (17.4) | 271 (31.6) | 136 (27.6) | 43 (40.6) | |
| 80+ | 734 (4.4) | 631 (4.3) | 80 (7.0) | 18 (3.0) | 5 (3.1) | |
| Gender | <0.001* | |||||
| Female | 5,354 (51.9) | 4,788 (51.9) | 121 (31.4) | 405 (63.1) | 40 (50.6) | |
| Male | 5,034 (48.1) | 4,449 (48.1) | 245 (68.6) | 290 (36.9) | 50 (49.4) | |
| Race | <0.001* | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5,007 (70.6) | 4,278 (69.5) | 224 (80.9) | 455 (80.6) | 50 (71.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,247 (11.3) | 2,029 (11.6) | 80 (9.4) | 112 (7.9) | 26 (15.5) | |
| Mexican American | 1,936 (8.2) | 1,841 (8.8) | 35 (3.9) | 54 (2.9) | 6 (2.5) | |
| Other Hispanic | 777 (4.1) | 707 (4.3) | 18 (3.3) | 48 (3.0) | 4 (1.5) | |
| Other race | 421 (5.7) | 382 (5.8) | 9 (2.6) | 26 (5.5) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Poverty income ratio | <0.001* | |||||
| >2 | 5,228 (63.0) | 4,688 (63.5) | 217 (70.6) | 280 (52.2) | 43 (55.9) | |
| 1–2 | 2,579 (19.5) | 2,261 (19.2) | 78 (15.4) | 220 (25.9) | 20 (20.1) | |
| <1 | 1,843 (11.8) | 1,624 (11.6) | 47 (8.6) | 150 (15.6) | 22 (18.1) | |
| Education | <0.001* | |||||
| Ever attend college | 4,780 (55.6) | 4,246 (55.8) | 200 (61.4) | 287 (48.5) | 47 (61.7) | |
| Never attend college | 5,595 (44.3) | 4,980 (44.1) | 166 (38.6) | 406 (51.3) | 43 (38.3) | |
| Lifestyles and behaviors | ||||||
| Smoking | <0.001* | |||||
| Nonsmoker | 5,488 (52.2) | 5,078 (53.9) | 182 (51.7) | 205 (31.9) | 23 (30.1) | |
| Former | 2,605 (24.4) | 2,195 (23.5) | 121 (30.1) | 242 (30.9) | 47 (48.6) | |
| Current | 2,286 (23.3) | 1,955 (22.5) | 63 (18.1) | 248 (37.3) | 20 (21.4) | |
| Alcohol consuming | ,0.001* | |||||
| Lifetime abstainer | 1,381 (10.6) | 1,252 (10.7) | 39 (9.9) | 80 (9.8) | 10 (12.2) | |
| Moderate drinker | 5,715 (54.0) | 4,956 (52.6) | 235 (62.8) | 460 (65.9) | 64 (69.6) | |
| Heavy drinker | 2,399 (27.4) | 2,201 (28.3) | 70 (21.2) | 119 (19.6) | 9 (14.2) | |
| Physical activity (MET min/week) | <0.001* | |||||
| ≥600 | 4,987 (53.4) | 4,513 (54.5) | 167 (49.9) | 279 (42.9) | 28 (33.5) | |
| <600 | 3,522 (30.2) | 3,071 (29.6) | 129 (30.7) | 280 (35.9) | 42 (37.6) | |
| Serum vitamin D | 0.105 | |||||
| Normal | 1,833 (22.6) | 1,624 (22.9) | 55 (18.3) | 143 (22.5) | 11 (10.3) | |
| Insufficiency | 3,638 (38.3) | 3,237 (38.2) | 140 (42.8) | 233 (36.0) | 28 (42.8) | |
| Deficiency | 3,542 (26.9) | 3,126 (26.2) | 140 (33.1) | 241 (31.0) | 35 (33.9) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Obesity | <0.001* | |||||
| Underweight/normal | 3,029 (32.0) | 2,788 (33.5) | 27 (8.6) | 210 (29.4) | 4 (3.8) | |
| Overweight | 3,509 (33.1) | 3,210 (33.8) | 72 (22.4) | 207 (31.1) | 20 (22.8) | |
| Obese | 3,664 (33.4) | 3,086 (31.4) | 253 (66.5) | 263 (38.0) | 62 (69.7) | |
| Cancer history | <0.001* | |||||
| No | 9,441 (91.3) | 8,471 (92.2) | 318 (85.8) | 584 (83.9) | 68 (74.0) | |
| Yes | 934 (8.6) | 753 (7.6) | 48 (14.2) | 111 (16.1) | 22 (26.0) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | <0.001* | |||||
| No | 9,200 (91.4) | 8,378 (93.2) | 272 (80.9) | 507 (78.2) | 43 (53.5) | |
| Yes | 1,188 (8.6) | 859 (6.8) | 94 (19.1) | 188 (21.8) | 47 (46.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | <0.001* | |||||
| No/borderline | 9,187 (91.8) | 8,275 (92.7) | 277 (79.5) | 583 (89.7) | 52 (65.7) | |
| Yes | 1,193 (8.1) | 954 (7.2) | 89 (20.5) | 112 (10.3) | 38 (34.3) | |
| Hypertension | <0.001* | |||||
| No | 6,859 (69.8) | 6,313 (71.9) | 150 (46.6) | 370 (58.8) | 26 (38.3) | |
| Yes | 3,513 (30.0) | 2,911 (28.0) | 215 (53.2) | 324 (41.1) | 63 (60.6) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.001* | |||||
| No | 5,345 (53.9) | 4,830 (54.7) | 163 (46.5) | 314 (47.7) | 38 (42.0) | |
| Yes | 4,800 (44.0) | 4,172 (42.9) | 201 (53.3) | 375 (51.6) | 52 (58.0) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | <0.001* | |||||
| ≥60 | 8,600 (85.3) | 7,705 (85.7) | 299 (86.4) | 531 (80.1) | 65 (73.7) | |
| <60 | 1,089 (8.8) | 894 (8.1) | 51 (10.9) | 128 (15.7) | 16 (18.0) | |
| Overall mortality | <0.001* | |||||
| Assumed alive | 9,698 (95.5) | 8,704 (96.1) | 340 (94.6) | 585 (88.7) | 69 (79.7) | |
| Assumed deceased | 690 (4.5) | 533 (3.9) | 26 (5.4) | 110 (11.3) | 21 (20.3) | |
Notes: Categorical variables were shown unweighted counts (weighted %). Chi-square test was conducted to determine differences in categorical variables.
*
Significant difference between groups, P-value <0.05.
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.