Table 3.

Effect of the ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin (RCX) in the cell cycle distribution of HepG2 cells

Treatment	Concentration (µM)	DNA content (%)
		Sub-G0/G1	G0/G1	S	G2/M
12 h of incubation
CTL	–	4.4 ± 0.7	55.2 ± 2.0	13.3 ± 1.2	17.6 ± 1.3
DOX	2	13.4 ± 1.2*	51.9 ± 4.8	6.9 ± 0.1	22.6 ± 2.6
OXA	10	6.2 ± 0.7	44.4 ± 4.7	12.9 ± 4.4	43.5 ± 3.4*
RCX	12	9.6 ± 1.1*	66.4 ± 4.0	18.0 ± 7.4	13.3 ± 1.1
	24	13.0 ± 2.5*	68.9 ± 2.2	8.6 ± 4.5	13.9 ± 1.6
24 h of incubation
CTL	–	1.2 ± 0.2	58.9 ± 0.9	15.7 ± 0.3	20.5 ± 1.2
DOX	2	16.8 ± 4.3*	20.9 ± 3.3*	8.9 ± 2.3*	66.9 ± 5.5*
OXA	10	4.8 ± 0.5	26.0 ± 1.1*	18.5 ± 1.4	47.1 ± 0.7*
RCX	12	15.3 ± 0.6*	38.2 ± 1.2*	22.4 ± 0.7*	17.6 ± 0.9
	24	34.7 ± 1.4*	29.9 ± 2.7*	13.0 ± 1.6	13.0 ± 1.3
48 h of incubation
CTL	–	1.2 ± 0.5	61.9 ± 1.2	14.8 ± 1.2	14.9 ± 0.5
DOX	2	20.9 ± 1.0*	34.6 ± 2.7*	9.1 ± 1.9	31.1 ± 3.3*
OXA	10	6.8 ± 1.3	34.7 ± 3.7*	21.2 ± 1.7*	33.7 ± 1.5*
RCX	12	44.1 ± 6.3*	23.3 ± 2.0*	11.5 ± 2.7	9.0 ± 0.8*
	24	62.6 ± 3.4*	18.9 ± 3.0*	10.3 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 0.7*
72 h of incubation
CTL	–	3.6 ± 0.7	64.4 ± 2.1	12.4 ± 1.1	13.1 ± 1.4
DOX	2	46.6 ± 2.8*	31.6 ± 5.1*	12.5 ± 1.1	16.3 ± 1.1
OXA	10	17.6 ± 3.9*	30.1 ± 5.1*	16.2 ± 1.1	38.0 ± 5.4*
RCX	12	42.6 ± 6.8*	23.6 ± 1.9*	13.2 ± 0.8	11.1 ± 1.8
	24	68.2 ± 3.7*	19.7 ± 3.3*	4.9 ± 1.1*	6.7 ± 0.7

Data are presented as the means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. The negative control (CTL) was treated with the vehicle (0.2% DMSO) used for diluting the tested compound. Doxorubicin (DOX) and oxaliplatin (OXA) were used as positive controls. Ten thousand events were evaluated per experiment and cellular debris was omitted from the analysis. * P <  0.05 compared with the negative control by ANOVA, followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls Test