Table 2.
Primers used for amplifying genes related to quinolone and β-lactam resistance
| Gene | Primers (5′→3′) | Amplicon size (bp) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| For mutations in QRDR | 17 | ||
| gyrA | gyrA-1: CGTTGGTGACGTAATCGGTA | 251 | |
| gyrA-2: CCGTACCGTCATAGTTATCC | |||
| gyrB | gyrB-1: GCGCTGTCCGAACTGTACCT | ||
| gyrB-2: TGATCAGCGTCGCCACTTCC | |||
| parC | parC-1: CTATGCGATGTCAGAGCTGG | 270 | |
| parC-2: TAACAGCAGCTCGGCGTATT | |||
| For PMQR genes | 18 | ||
| aac(6′)-Ib-cr | aac(6′)-Ib-1: TTGCGATGCTCTATGAGTGGCTA | 482 | |
| aac(6′)-Ib-2: CTCGAATGCCTGGCGTGTTT | |||
| qnrA | qnrA-1: TCAGCAAGAGGATTTCTCA | 627 | |
| qnrA-2: GGCAGCACTATTACTCCCA | |||
| qnrB | qnrB-1: GGMATHGAAATTCGCCACTG | 264 | |
| qnrB-2: TTTGCYGYYCGCCAGTCGAA | |||
| qnrS | qnrS-1: ATGGAAACCTACAATCATAC | 467 | |
| qnrS-2: AAAAACACCTCGACTTAAGT | |||
| qepA | qepA-1: GCAGGTCCAGCAGCGGGTAG | 199 | |
| qepA-2: CTTCCTGCCCGAGTATCGTG | |||
| For b-lactam resistance genes | This study | ||
| blaCTX-M14-like | CTX-M14-1: AAAACTTGCCGAATTAGAGC | 711 | |
| CTX-M14-2: TTAGGTTGAGGCTGGGTGAA | |||
| blaCTX-M15-like | CTX-M15-1: ATGAACGCTTTCCAATGTGC | 461 | |
| CTX-M15-2: GGTCGTATTGCCTTTGAGCC | |||
| blaOXA | OXA-1: AATGGCACCAGATTCAACTT | 593 | |
| OXA-2: TGGCTTTTATGCTTGATGTT | |||
| blaTEM | TEM-1: TGTCGCCCTTATTCCCTTTT | 783 | |
| TEM-2: ATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGT |
Abbreviations: QRDR, quinolone resistance-determining region; PMQR, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.