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. 2018 Jan 18;9(2):27. doi: 10.1038/s41419-017-0189-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, c PCDHGA9 was downregulated in artificial EMT models induced by TGF-β in GC cells. Up or downregulated expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin was verified in the EMT models. β-Actin was used to normalize protein expression. b, d Western blot analysis of EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) in the PCDHGA9 knockdown or overexpression cells compared with the control group. GAPDH was used to normalize protein expression. e Immunofluorescence showed that E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression levels were strengthened or weakened, respectively, in PCDHGA9-overexpressing SGC-7901 cells via laser confocal microscopy. f Western blot suggested that TGF-β induced EMT, upregulated N-cadherin, Snail and pSmad2/3, downregulated E-cadherin and did not alter Smad2/3 expression significantly, whereas overexpression of PCDHGA9 weakened this tendency and inhibited EMT in GC cells. GAPDH was used to normalize protein expression. g Immunofluorescence analysis via laser confocal microscopy indicated that overexpression of PCDHGA9 could decrease the phosphorylation of Smad2 and suppress the nuclear translocation of pSmad2 (^*p < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01)