Table 1.
Clinical characteristics
| Total cohort (n = 179) | Group 1 (n = 49) | Group 2 (n = 45) | Group 3 (n = 44) | Group 4 (n = 41) | P-value (among groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extent of scar (%) | 14.1 ± 10.4 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 16.5 ± 2.4 | 29.2 ± 1.6 | |
| Age (years) | 60.9 ± 9.6 | 61.5 ± 9.0 | 60.7 ± 10.6 | 59.1 ± 9.3 | 62.3 ± 9.4 | 0.436 |
| Caucasian | 169 (94.4%) | 46 (93.9%) | 42 (93.3%) | 41 (93.2%) | 40 (97.6%) | 0.796 |
| Male gender | 128 (71.5%) | 33 (67.4%) | 28 (62.2%) | 34 (77.3%) | 33 (80.5%) | 0.198 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.5 | 29.1 ± 5.9 | 28.4 ± 5.4 | 29.6 ± 5.3 | 27.7 ± 5.4 | 0.415 |
| Coronary artery disease | 19 (10.6%) | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (6.7%) | 7 (15.9%) | 4 (9.8%) | 0.556 |
| Congestive heart failure | 22 (12.3%) | 6 (12.2%) | 2 (4.4%) | 10 (22.7%) | 4 (9.8%) | 0.064 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3 (1.7%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0.790 |
| Hypertension | 95 (53.1) | 26 (53.1%) | 16 (35.6%) | 26 (59.1%) | 27 (65.9%) | 0.031 |
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 42 (23.5) | 12 (24.5%) | 9 (20%) | 13 (29.6%) | 8 (19.5%) | 0.661 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 76 (42.5%) | 20 (40.8%) | 15 (33.3%) | 18 (40.9%) | 23 (56.1%) | 0.191 |
| Insulin dependent diabetes | 4 (2.2%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.9%) | 0.461 |
| TIA/stroke | 14 (7.8%) | 7 (14.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (4.6%) | 4 (9.8%) | 0.129 |
| History of tobacco use | 48 (26.8%) | 17 (34.7%) | 10 (22.2%) | 11 (25%) | 10 (24.4%) | 0.526 |
| Persistent AF | 56 (31.3%) | 10 (24.5%) | 13 (28.9%) | 14 (31.8%) | 19 (46.3%) | 0.067 |
| Time in continuous AF (months) | 4.8 ± 7.1 | 4.1 ± 7.2 | 7.1 ± 11.1 | 3.6 ± 3.1 | 4.4 ± 5.9 | 0.380 |
| LA volume (mL) | 118.4 ± 41.6 | 113.1 ± 46.5 | 110.4 ± 32.0 | 121.8 ± 43.0 | 129.8 ± 41.6 | 0.087 |
| LVEF | 56.6 ± 8.3 | 57.4 ± 7.0 | 58.4 ± 6.8 | 55.2 ± 9.7 | 54.9 ± 9.3 | 0.153 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 0.890 | |||||
| 0 | 38 (21.2%) | 7 (14.3%) | 11 (24.4%) | 11 (25%) | 9 (22.0%) | |
| 1 | 60 (33.5%) | 17 (34.7%) | 16 (35.6%) | 12 (27.3%) | 15 (36.6%) | |
| 2 | 31 (17.3%) | 9 (18.4%) | 8 (17.8%) | 10 (22.7%) | 4 (9.8%) | |
| 3 | 25 (14.0%) | 7 (14.3%) | 5 (11.1%) | 7 (15.9%) | 6 (14.6%) | |
| 4 | 15 (8.4%) | 4 (8.2%) | 4 (8.9%) | 2 (4.6%) | 5 (12.2%) | |
| 5 | 4 (2.2%) | 2 (4.1%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 6 | 6 (3.4%) | 3 (6.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.9%) |
Values in bold are statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05).