Table 1.
Description of pre-ECMO characteristics by hyperoxia and hypocapnia
| Characteristic | Hyperoxia (PaO2 > 200 mmHg)
|
Hypocapnia (PaCO2 < 30 mmHg)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 153) | Yes (N = 331) | P-value | No (N = 386) | Yes (N = 98) | P-value | |
| Age | 0.052a | 0.003a | ||||
| pre-term neonate | 16 (10.5%) | 32 (9.7%) | 33 (8.5%) | 15 (15.3%) | ||
| full-term neonate | 78 (51.0%) | 131 (39.6%) | 155 (40.2%) | 54 (55.1%) | ||
| infant | 27 (17.6%) | 82 (24.8%) | 95 (24.6%) | 14 (14.3%) | ||
| child | 17 (11.1%) | 60 (18.1%) | 65 (16.8%) | 12 (12.2%) | ||
| adolescent | 15 (9.8%) | 26 (7.9%) | 38 (9.8%) | 3 (3.1%) | ||
| Weight (kg) | 3.5 [3.0, 5.9] | 3.9 [3.0, 8.8] | 0.268b | 3.9 [3.0, 9.9] | 3.2 [2.8, 4.0] | <.001b |
| Male | 93 (60.8%) | 187 (56.5%) | 0.428a | 230 (59.6%) | 50 (51.0%) | 0.137a |
| Race | 0.564a | 0.004a | ||||
| Unknown/Not Reported | 50 (32.7%) | 82 (24.8%) | 101 (26.2%) | 31 (31.6%) | ||
| Black or African American | 22 (14.4%) | 66 (19.9%) | 69 (17.9%) | 19 (19.4%) | ||
| White | 74 (48.4%) | 165 (49.8%) | 202 (52.3%) | 37 (37.8%) | ||
| Other | 7 (4.6%) | 18 (5.4%) | 14 (3.6%) | 11 (11.2%) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 23 (15.0%) | 61 (18.4%) | 0.308a | 68 (17.6%) | 16 (16.3%) | 0.520a |
| Primary ECMO indication | <.001a | <.001a | ||||
| Respiratory | 99 (64.7%) | 116 (35.0%) | 182 (47.2%) | 33 (33.7%) | ||
| Cardiac | 38 (24.8%) | 162 (48.9%) | 161 (41.7%) | 39 (39.8%) | ||
| ECPR | 16 (10.5%) | 53 (16.0%) | 43 (11.1%) | 26 (26.5%) | ||
| Mode of ECMO | <.001a | 0.131a | ||||
| Venoarterial | 115 (75.2%) | 305 (92.1%) | 330 (85.5%) | 90 (91.8%) | ||
| Venovenous | 38 (24.8%) | 26 (7.9%) | 56 (14.5%) | 8 (8.2%) | ||
| Clinical Site | 0.017a | <.001a | ||||
| A | 29 (19.0%) | 35 (10.6%) | 49 (12.7%) | 15 (15.3%) | ||
| B | 36 (23.5%) | 63 (19.0%) | 77 (19.9%) | 22 (22.4%) | ||
| C | 10 (6.5%) | 25 (7.6%) | 14 (3.6%) | 21 (21.4%) | ||
| D | 17 (11.1%) | 44 (13.3%) | 50 (13.0%) | 11 (11.2%) | ||
| E | 19 (12.4%) | 36 (10.9%) | 50 (13.0%) | 5 (5.1%) | ||
| F | 17 (11.1%) | 46 (13.9%) | 54 (14.0%) | 9 (9.2%) | ||
| G | 2 (1.3%) | 26 (7.9%) | 19 (4.9%) | 9 (9.2%) | ||
| H | 23 (15.0%) | 56 (16.9%) | 73 (18.9%) | 6 (6.1%) | ||
| Acute diagnoses | ||||||
| Airway abnormality | 5 (3.3%) | 6 (1.8%) | 0.336a | 9 (2.3%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1.000a |
| Immune dysfunction | 4 (2.6%) | 28 (8.5%) | 0.017a | 27 (7.0%) | 5 (5.1%) | 0.651a |
| Cardiac Arrest | 13 (8.5%) | 34 (10.3%) | 0.622a | 39 (10.1%) | 8 (8.2%) | 0.703a |
| Cardiovascular disease (acquired) | 7 (4.6%) | 56 (16.9%) | <.001a | 55 (14.2%) | 8 (8.2%) | 0.131a |
| Cardiovascular disease (arrhythmia) | 1 (0.7%) | 17 (5.1%) | 0.017a | 9 (2.3%) | 9 (9.2%) | 0.004a |
| Cardiovascular disease (congenital) | 46 (30.1%) | 141 (42.6%) | 0.009a | 137 (35.5%) | 50 (51.0%) | 0.005a |
| Hypoxic/anoxic injury | 3 (2.0%) | 14 (4.2%) | 0.290a | 14 (3.6%) | 3 (3.1%) | 1.000a |
| Gastrointestinal disorder | 5 (3.3%) | 14 (4.2%) | 0.802a | 14 (3.6%) | 5 (5.1%) | 0.559a |
| Pertussis or Sepsis | 31 (20.3%) | 50 (15.1%) | 0.190a | 62 (16.1%) | 19 (19.4%) | 0.450a |
| Pneumonia or bronchiolitis | 9 (5.9%) | 11 (3.3%) | 0.220a | 20 (5.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.019a |
| Shock (non-septic) | 3 (2.0%) | 11 (3.3%) | 0.564a | 12 (3.1%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0.745a |
| Respiratory distress/failure | 53 (34.6%) | 103 (31.1%) | 0.465a | 132 (34.2%) | 24 (24.5%) | 0.070a |
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 24 (15.7%) | 18 (5.4%) | <.001a | 35 (9.1%) | 7 (7.1%) | 0.689a |
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 17 (11.1%) | 38 (11.5%) | 1.000a | 43 (11.1%) | 12 (12.2%) | 0.724a |
| Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn | 38 (24.8%) | 45 (13.6%) | 0.003a | 67 (17.4%) | 16 (16.3%) | 0.882a |
| Renal failure | 4 (2.6%) | 8 (2.4%) | 1.000a | 11 (2.8%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.474a |
| Neurologic condition | 5 (3.3%) | 10 (3.0%) | 1.000a | 9 (2.3%) | 6 (6.1%) | 0.093a |
| Chronic diagnoses | ||||||
| Immune dysfunction | 1 (0.7%) | 12 (3.6%) | 0.072a | 13 (3.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.081a |
| Congenital anomaly or chromosomal defect | 34 (22.2%) | 77 (23.3%) | 0.907a | 86 (22.3%) | 25 (25.5%) | 0.503a |
| Neurologic condition | 4 (2.6%) | 20 (6.0%) | 0.120a | 23 (6.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.063a |
| Cardiovascular disease (congenital) | 30 (19.6%) | 60 (18.1%) | 0.707a | 74 (19.2%) | 16 (16.3%) | 0.564a |
| Chronic lung disease | 7 (4.6%) | 9 (2.7%) | 0.286a | 16 (4.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.051a |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the 24 hours prior | 26 (17.0%) | 117 (35.3%) | <.001a | 107 (27.7%) | 36 (36.7%) | 0.084a |
| Operative procedure in the 24 hours prior | 35 (22.9%) | 136 (41.1%) | <.001a | 130 (33.7%) | 41 (41.8%) | 0.155a |
| Vasoactive inotropic score | 0.111a | 0.661a | ||||
| None | 38 (24.8%) | 111 (33.5%) | 116 (30.1%) | 33 (33.7%) | ||
| Low | 48 (31.4%) | 102 (30.8%) | 123 (31.9%) | 27 (27.6%) | ||
| High | 67 (43.8%) | 118 (35.6%) | 147 (38.1%) | 38 (38.8%) | ||
| Oxygenation index | 35.3 [24.0, 53.7] | 19.8 [7.8, 41.3] | <.001b | 29.2 [12.4, 51.3] | 16.0 [7.5, 36.4] | 0.005b |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.1 [1.6, 7.4] | 4.4 [1.8, 9.1] | 0.052b | 3.9 [1.8, 8.0] | 4.5 [1.7, 8.8] | 0.717b |
| pH | 7.25 [7.14, 7.33] | 7.29 [7.14, 7.38] | 0.032b | 7.27 [7.14, 7.37] | 7.32 [7.19, 7.38] | 0.048b |
| Temperature (Celsius) | 36.7 [36.0, 37.1] | 36.6 [36.0, 37.1] | 0.797b | 36.7 [36.0, 37.1] | 36.7 [36.2, 37.1] | 0.684b |
a
P-value is based on Fisher’s exact test.
b
Values represent median and interquartile range; P-value is based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.