. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018 Jan 24;47(2):199–212. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860

TABLE 3.

Mutually Exclusive Combinations of Treatment Types (Current ADHD Medication and past Year Behavioral Treatment for ADHD) Among Children 2–17 Years of Age With Current ADHD by Demographic Subgroups, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2016

	ADHD Medication and Behavioral Treatment for ADHD	ADHD Medication Only	Behavioral Treatment for ADHD Only	Neither ADHD Medication Nor Behavioral Treatment for ADHD	χ² p

	Weighted % [95% CI]	Weighted % [95% CI]	Weighted % [95% CI]	Weighted % [95% CI]
Overall	31.7 [29.0, 34.6]	30.3 [27.8, 33.0]	14.9 [12.5, 17.7]	23.0 [20.6, 25.6]
Sex
Male	33.3 [29.8, 36.9]	30.4 [27.3, 33.7]	15.3 [12.3, 19.0]	21.0 [18.3, 24.0]	.0852
Female	28.0 [23.9, 32.6]	30.2 [25.9, 35.0]	13.9 [10.6, 17.9]	28.0 [23.9, 32.6]
Age
2–5 Years	13.7^a [6.4, 26.8]	4.5^a [1.9, 10.1]	45.8 [26.3, 66.7]	36.0 [20.3, 55.4]	< .0001
6–11 Years	37.3 [33.0, 41.7]	31.5 [27.3, 35.9]	14.0 [11.4, 17.2]	17.3 [14.1, 20.9]
12–17 Years	29.7 [26.0, 33.6]	32.5 [29.2, 36.0]	12.0 [9.6, 14.8]	25.8 [22.7, 29.2]
Race
White	29.5 [26.8, 32.2]	33.8 [30.9, 36.9]	13.6 [11.3, 16.2]	23.1 [20.6, 25.9]	.0203
Black	41.2 [32.6, 50.3]	20.8 [15.1, 27.9]	14.7 [10.1, 20.9]	23.3 [16.4, 32.1]
Other	30.9 [22.3, 41.0]	25.6 [19.0, 33.5]	21.5 [12.1, 35.3]	22.1 [16.0, 29.7]
Ethnicity
Hispanic/Latino	30.0 [22.0, 39.4]	20.9 [15.1, 28.3]	21.9 [13.3, 33.8]	27.2 [19.9, 36.0]	.0260
Non-Hispanic/Latino	32.1 [29.3, 35.0]	32.3 [29.6, 35.2]	13.4 [11.4, 15.7]	22.1 [19.8, 24.7]
Primary Language in Home
English	32.3 [29.5, 35.2]	30.9 [28.3, 33.6]	14.2 [12.2, 16.5]	22.7 [20.3, 25.3]	.0314
Spanish	14.5^a [6.1, 30.7]	17.8^a [6.5, 40.3]	34.7^a [11.2, 69.1]	33.1^a [16.3, 55.6]
Other Language	27.2^a [12.6, 49.2]	10.4^a [3.9, 24.7]	26.5^a [10.3, 53.2]	35.9^a [17.4, 59.8]
Highest Education in Household^b
Less than High School	40.5 [28.4, 53.9]	20.6 [13.2, 30.7]	14.7^a [5.2, 35.0]	24.2 [15.7, 35.4]	.1468
12 Years, High School Graduate	30.5 [24.7, 36.8]	33.1 [27.3, 39.5]	11.7 [8.6, 15.8]	24.7 [19.6, 30.7]
More than High School	30.6 [27.6, 33.8]	31.0 [28.1, 34.1]	16.2 [13.6, 19.3]	22.1 [19.5, 25.0]
Poverty Status^b
< 100% of Federal Poverty Level	35.5 [28.9, 42.7]	23.4 [18.3, 29.5]	16.1 [11.7, 21.6]	25.0 [19.2, 31.9]	.0769
100–199% of Federal Poverty Level	33.4 [26.4, 41.3]	28.3 [22.5, 34.9]	15.8 [9.4, 25.4]	22.5 [17.2, 28.8]
> 200% of Federal Poverty Level	29.1 [26.1, 32.4]	34.5 [31.2, 38.1]	14.0 [11.4, 17.1]	22.3 [19.4, 25.6]
Type of Health Insurance
Public Only	38.0 [32.8, 43.5]	25.6 [21.4, 30.2]	17.1 [12.4, 22.9]	19.3 [15.8, 23.4]	.0006
Private Only	25.7 [23.0, 28.6]	36.3 [32.9, 39.8]	14.1 [11.7, 16.9]	23.9 [20.8, 27.3]
Public and Private	36.9 [26.4, 48.8]	27.3 [18.3, 38.7]	11.9 [7.1, 19.2]	23.8 [15.7, 34.5]
Unspecified	35.5^a [16.2, 61.1]	25.0^a [9.8, 50.5]	8.5^c [2.9, 22.6]	31.0^a [14.7, 54.0]
None	22.8 [13.3, 36.4]	19.6 [11.2, 32.0]	8.5^a [3.6, 18.9]	49.1 [32.4, 66.0]
Region
Northeast	27.9 [21.6, 35.3]	31.8 [25.5, 38.9]	19.4 [14.4, 25.7]	20.9 [16.1, 26.6]	.0038
Midwest	30.4 [26.1, 34.9]	32.0 [27.5, 36.8]	15.3 [11.7, 19.8]	22.4 [18.2, 27.1]
South	33.3 [29.0, 38.0]	32.9 [28.8, 37.3]	10.1 [7.6, 13.4]	23.6 [19.7, 28.0]
West	32.7 [25.4, 40.8]	19.6 [14.6, 25.9]	23.4 [14.8, 34.9]	24.3 [19.1, 30.4]
Urbanicity
Rural	28.7 [23.8, 34.2]	32.5 [27.1, 38.4]	10.0 [6.7, 14.8]	28.8 [22.6, 35.9]	.0479
Urban/Suburban	32.3 [29.2, 35.6]	29.9 [27.1, 32.9]	15.8 [13.1, 19.0]	21.9 [19.4, 24.7]
ADHD Severity
Mild	14.7 [12.1, 17.8]	31.5 [27.5, 35.7]	17.2 [13.0, 22.5]	36.6 [32.2, 41.3]	< .0001
Moderate	38.1 [33.8, 42.6]	32.4 [28.5, 36.6]	14.4 [11.3, 18.1]	15.1 [12.3, 18.4]
Severe	59.5 [51.0, 67.4]	22.0 [15.9, 29.6]	11.6 [7.2, 18.2]	6.9 [4.0, 11.6]
Current Co-Occurring
Disorder
Yes	41.0 [37.4, 44.7]	25.7 [22.6, 29.1]	16.6 [14.0, 19.6]	16.7 [14.2, 19.5]	< .0001
No	15.5 [11.8, 20.2]	38.5 [34.0, 43.3]	12.1 [7.8, 18.3]	33.9 [29.2, 38.9]

Note: ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI = confidence interval; PR = prevalence ratio.

Estimate is unstable and may be unreliable. It has a relative standard error between 30% and 50% and should be interpreted with caution.

Multiple imputation was used to estimate values for respondents with missing data on indicators used to calculate poverty status (data were imputed for 19.3% of respondents represented in this table) and household educational attainment (3.6% imputed).

Estimate is unreliable. It has a relative standard error larger than 50% and should not be used except for inferential statistics (e.g., comparisons with other estimates).