Table 1.

Summary of the protective effects of PACAP in different ischemic models, human diseases and changes of PACAP levels and PAC1 receptor expression in ischemic conditions

Ischemic models		Lesion size	Degree of functional deficit	PACAP level	PAC1 receptor expression
Cerebral ischemia	Global ischemia in mouse and rat: 4VO, BCCAO	↓ [48, 72]	NA	↓ PACAP 38 [64]- in CA1, [68]-in hippocampus granule cells ↑PACAP 38 [72]- in hippocampus	↓ [68, 70]- in hippocampus, [69]- in hippocampal astrocytes
	Focal ischemia in mouse and rat: MCAO	↓ [27, 36, 40–47, 58, 67, 71]	↓ [27, 46, 47]	↑ PACAP 38 [56]- in brain, [67]- in cortical pyramidal cells ↓ PACAP 38 [58]- in cortex, striatum, subcortical area	↑[65]- in cortex, caudate, putamen, [67]- in neurons and astrocytes
	MCAO+BCCAO in rat	↓ [55]	↓ [55]	↑ PACAP 38 [55]- in cortex	N/A
	Stroke, hemorrhages in human	N/A	N/A	↑ PACAP 38 [55]- penumbral region, [69]- intracerebral, [70]- subarachnoid]	N/A
Retinal ischemia	Transient ischemia: high intraocular pressure	↓ [83]	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Permanent ischemia: BCCAO	↓ [76, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90]	↓ [81]	N/A	N/A
Cardiac ischemia	Ischemia reperfusion in rat and human	↓ [94, 95]	N/A	↓ PACAP 38 [91]- in stellate ganglion ↑ PACAP 38 [91]- in heart ↑ PACAP38-Li, PACAP 27-Li [92]- in heart	↑ [92]
Liver ischemia	Ischemia reperfusion in mouse	↓ [96]	N/A	↑ PACAP 27/38 [96]	↑ [96]
Intestinal ischemia	Ischemia reperfusion in mouse and rat	↓ [97, 98]	N/A	↓ PACAP 38 [97]	N/A
Kidney ischemia	Ischemia reperfusion in mouse, rat, and in human	↓ [100–104]	N/A	N/A	N/A

Abbreviations: MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion, 4VO 4 vessel occlusion, BCCAO bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, -Li -like immunoreactivity, N/A not applicable, not measured