Table 1.

Description of categories of drinking water quality violations

Study category	Contaminants	SDWA rules
Total coliform	Fecal coliform (E. coli)	NIPDWR, TCR, RTCR
	Total coliform
Treatment rules plus nitrate	Nitrate	NIPDWR
	Nitrite	Phase II
	Turbidity	NIPDWR, SWTR, IESW, LT1ESW
	Cryptosporidium	IESW, LT1ESW, LT2ESW
	Giardia lamblia	SWTR, GWR
	Viruses	SWTR, GWR
Arsenic	Arsenic	NIPDWR, Arsenic
Lead plus copper	Lead, copper	NIPDWR, LCR, RLCR
Other	DBPs	Trihalomethanes, Stage 1 DBPs, Stage 2 DBPs
	Radionuclides	NIPDWR, Radionuclides
	Inorganic and organic chemicals	NIPDWR, Phase I, Phase II, Phase V

Notes: SDWA rule names and enforcement dates are as follows: Arsenic, Arsenic Rule (2006); GWR, Ground Water Rule (2009); IESW, Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (2002); LCR, Lead and Copper Rule (1992); LT1ESW, Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (2005); NIPDWR, National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (1977); Phase I Rule (1989); Phase II Rule (1992); Phase V Rule (1994); Radionuclides, Radionuclides Rule (2003); RLCR, Revised Lead and Copper Rule (2007); RTCR, Revised Total Coliform Rule (2016); Stage 1 DBPs, Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Rule (2002–2004); Stage 2 DBPs, Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Rule (2012–2013); SWTR, Surface Water Treatment Rule (1993); TCR, Total Coliform Rule (1990); and Trihalomethanes, Total Trihalomethanes (1981–1983).