. 2018 Feb 14;7(3):433–442. doi: 10.1530/EC-17-0359
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with postpartum cardio-metabolic outcomes in our cohort of mothers (n = 276).
| Characteristics | Postpartum MetS (n = 18) | Postpartum abnormal glucose metabolism (n = 84) | Postpartum HTN (n = 25) | Without any postpartum cardio-metabolic diseases (n = 177) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, mean (s.d.) (years) | 38.8 (5.6) | 37.8 (4.9) | 39.2 (4.9) | 32.9 (4.8) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Chinese (n = 152) | 10 (6.6) | 41 (27.0) | 14 (9.2) | 104 (68.4) |
| Malay (n = 60) | 4 (6.7) | 22 (36.7) | 7 (11.7) | 33 (55.0) |
| Indian (n = 64) | 4 (6.3) | 21 (32.8) | 4 (6.3) | 40 (62.5) |
| Maternal highest education, n (%) | ||||
| College and above (n = 158) | 14 (8.9) | 58 (36.7) | 18 (11.4) | 89 (56.3) |
| Below college (n = 118) | 4 (3.4) | 26 (22.0) | 7 (5.9) | 88 (74.6) |
| Household income, n (%) | ||||
| ≥SGD 6000/month (n = 154) | 14 (9.1) | 54 (35.1) | 20 (13.0) | 88 (57.1) |
| <SGD 6000/month (n = 122) | 4 (0.8) | 30 (24.6) | 5 (4.1) | 89 (73.0) |
| Family history of DM, n (%) | ||||
| Yes (n = 123) | 12 (9.8) | 41 (33.3) | 13 (10.6) | 73 (59.3) |
| No (n = 153) | 6 (4.0) | 43 (35.2) | 12 (7.8) | 104 (68.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (2.8) | 25.7 (5.1) | 27.2 (4.1) | 22.8 (4.2) |
| Cumulative episodes of GDM, n (%) | ||||
| Never (n = 119) | 4 (3.4) | 16 (13.4) | 7 (5.9) | 97 (81.5) |
| Once (n = 123) | 12 (9.8) | 52 (42.3) | 15 (12.2) | 64 (52.0) |
| Recurrent (≥2 times) (n = 34) | 2 (5.9) | 16 (47.1) | 3 (8.8) | 16 (47.1) |
| Cumulative episodes of HDP, n (%) | ||||
| Never (n = 253) | 12 (4.7) | 74 (29.2) | 16 (6.3) | 168 (66.4) |
| At least once (≥1 time) (n = 23) | 6 (26.1) | 10 (43.5) | 9 (39.1) | 9 (39.1) |
| Parity, n (%) | ||||
| One (n = 50) | 2 (4.0) | 17 (34.0) | 4 (8.0) | 32 (64.0) |
| Two (n = 130) | 5 (3.8) | 36 (27.7 | 5 (3.8) | 91 (70.0) |
| At least three (≥3) (n = 96) | 11 (11.5) | 31 (32.3) | 16 (16.7) | 54 (56.3) |
| OGTT | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mean (s.d.) (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.1 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.3) |
| 2-h glucose, mean (s.d.) (mmol/L) | 9.9 (3.3) | 9.8 (2.6) | 8.3 (3.4) | 5.9 (1.0) |
| Insulin, median (IQR) (U/L) | 11.8 (6.1) | 8.9 (7.8) | 8.5 (5.2) | 5.7 (4.7) |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 2.7 (1.8) | 1.9 (2.0) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.0) |
| HbA1C, mean (s.d.) (%) | 5.8 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.7) | 5.5 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.3) |
| SBP, mean (s.d.) (mmHg) | 131.7 (15.5) | 116.6 (13.7) | 137.2 (16.0) | 109.9 (9.9) |
| DBP, mean (s.d.) (mmHg) | 82.6 (11.6) | 70.9 (11.0) | 85.0 (11.6) | 66.9 (8.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 (3.0) | 27.6 (6.1) | 28.1 (4.8) | 24.5 (4.9) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.2 (7.8) | 90.3 (13.0) | 91.8 (12.2) | 83.7 (10.8) |
| HDL, mean (s.d.) (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) |
| TG, median (IQR) (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.5) |
| CRP, median (IQR) (mg/L) | 5.3 (7.0) | 3.2 (7.6) | 3.5 (6.0) | 1.3 (2.7) |
| Weight gaina, mean (s.d.) (kg) | 7.14 (8.9) | 5.8 (8.2) | 4.1 (7.9) | 5.7 (8.1) |
aWeight gain = (weight at follow-up visit) − (pre-pregnancy BMI).
BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; HTN, hypertension; IQR, inter-quartile range; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; s.d., standard deviation; TG, triglyceride.