Table 2.

Associations of cumulative episodes of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders with postpartum maternal cardio-metabolic risks assessment (Multiple linear regression models).

Cumulative major gestational complications		Postpartum cardio-metabolic risks assessment, β (95% CI)
		SBP (mmHg)	DBP (mmHg)	BMI (kg/m2)	Waist circum (cm)	Exp (log10 fasting glucose) (mmol/L)	Exp (log10 2-h glucose) (mmol/L)	Exp (log10 insulin) (U/L)	Exp (log10 HOMA) (units)	Exp (log10 TG) (mmol/L)	HDL (mmol/L)	Exp (log10 CRP) (mg/L)
Cumulative GDM
Never	Model 1	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Once		0.5 (−2.9, 3.9)	0.4 (−2.2, 2.9)	0.7 (−0.7, 2.1)	1.3 (−1.7, 4.3)	1.07 (1.0, 1.1)	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.3 (1.1, 1.5)	1.1 (0.95, 1.2)	−0.1 (−0.1, 0.01)	1.3 (0.3, 1.8)
Recurrent (≥2)		2.1 (−3.1, 7.2)	1.5 (−2.3, 5.4)	−1.0 (−3.1, 1.1)	−1.8 (−6.3, 2.8)	1.07 (1.0, 1.1)	1.3 (1.2, 1.5)	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)	0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.1)	1.2 (0.7, 1.9)
Never	Model 2	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Once		−1.2 (−4.5, 2.1)	−1.1 (−3.7, 1.5)	−0.9 (−1.6, −0.1)	−2.1 (−4.1, −0.04)	1.05 (1.0, 1.1)	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)	1.05 (0.9, 1.2)	1.1 (0.9, 1.3)	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	−0.02 (−0.09, 0.06)	1.0 (0.8, 1.4)
Recurrent (≥2)		2.1 (−2.8, 7.0)	1.3 (−2.5, 5.1)	−1.4 (−2.5, −0.3)	−2.6 (−5.6, 0.4)	1.07 (1.0, 1.1)	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)	1.0 (0.8, 1.2)	1.05 (0.9, 1.3)	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	−0.06 (−0.16, 0.05)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
Never	Model 3	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Once		−1.2 (−4.5, 2.1)	−1.3 (−3.9, 1.3)	−0.9 (−1.6, −1.0)	−1.9 (−4.0, 0.1)	1.05 (1.0, 1.1)	1.2 (1.1, 1.3)	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)	1.1 (0.9, 1.3)	1.0 (0.91.1)	−0.02 (−0.09, 0.06)	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
Recurrent (≥2)		1.6 (−3.4, 6.7)	1.3 (−2.6, 5.3)	−1.3 (−2.5, −0.2)	−2.6 (−5.7, 0.5)	1.07 (1.0, 1.1)	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)	1.0 (0.9, 1.3)	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	−0.05 (−0.16, 0.06)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
P-trend				<0.001		<0.0001*	<0.001*
Cumulative HDP
Never	Model 1	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
At least once (≥1)		12.6 (7.1, 18.2)	9.0 (4.8, 13.2)	3.0 (0.7, 5.3)	6.3 (1.2, 11.3)	1.0 (0.98, 1.1)	1.11 (1.0, 1.3)	1.1 (0.9, 1.5)	1.2 (0.9, 1.6)	1.2 (1.0, 1.5)	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.1)	1.7 (1.0, 3.0)
Never	Model 2	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
At least once (≥1)		9.8 (4.3, 15.3)	7.5 (3.2, 11.8)	0.4 (−0.9, 1.7)	1.3 (−2.2, 4.9)	1.0 (0.95, 1.1)	1.1 (0.93,1.2)	1.0 (0.8. 1.3)	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.1)	1.5 (0.9, 2.4)
Never	Model 3	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
At least once (≥1)		9.9 (4.3, 15.5)	8.1 (3.7, 12.5)	0.4 (−1.0, 1.7)	1.0 (−2.6, 4.5)	1.0 (0.95, 1.1)	1.1 (0.93, 1.2)	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.05)	1.4 (0.9, 2.2)

Model 1, unadjusted; Model 2, adjusted for mom age at enrolment, maternal ethnicity, maternal college education, and pre-pregnancy BMI; Model 3, Model 2 + cumulative parity.

*P-trend is based on log10 transform estimates.

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; waist circum, waist circumference.