Table 4.
Insecticide resistance levels and resistance mechanisms involved in different An. gambiae (s.l.) populations
| Allokokro | Petessou | Dar Es Salam | Kennedy | N’gattakro | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perm | RR | RR | RR | RR | RR |
| Delta | RR | RR | RR | RR | RR |
| α-cyp | RR | RR | RR | RR | RR |
| DDT | RR | RR | RR | RR | RR |
| Bend | RS | RS | RS | RS | RS |
| Carbo | RS | RS | RS | RS | NT |
| Chlor | SS | SS | SS | SS | SS |
| Piri | SS | SS | SS | SS | RR |
| L1014F kdr | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| ace-1R G119S | + | + | + | + | + |
| NSE | > | > | > | > | > |
| MFO | > | > | = | = | < |
| GST | > | = | > | > | > |
Abbreviations: Perm permethrin, Delta deltamethrin, α-cyp alphacypermethrin, DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, Bend bendiocarb, Carbo carbosulfan, Chlor chlorpyri-methyl, Piri pirimi-methyl, kdr knockdown resistance, ace-1 acetylcholinesterase-1, NSE non-specific esterases, MFO mixed-function oxidase (cytochrome P450), GST glutathione S-transferase, SS susceptible, RS intermediate, RR resistant, NT not tested, + low frequency, ++ high frequency (kdr and ace-1), < low activity, = similar activity, > high activity (compared to Kisumu)