Table 1. Subjects’ demographic and anthropometric characteristics and personal/family medical history by gender and frailty cluster.
| Variables | Male (n = 1005) | p-value | Female (n = 948) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-frail (n = 567) | Pre-frail (n = 383) | Frail (n = 55) | Non-frail (n = 485) | Pre-frail (n = 380) | Frail (n = 83) | |||
| Demographic features | ||||||||
| Age, years | 71.96 ± 0.22 | 72.58 ± 0.29 | 75.38 ± 1.14 | 0.001* | 72.47 ± 0.30 | 73.66 ± 0.38 | 73.70 ± 0.77 | 0.020* |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.479 | 0.140 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 45(2.9) | 45(4.8) | 3(2.5) | 48(2.9) | 49(3.9) | 4(1.5) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 370(84.1) | 242(82.2) | 43(86.8) | 328(87.7) | 230(83.0) | 53(84.5) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 87(6.3) | 62(7.7) | 5(3.8) | 63(6.2) | 61(8.3) | 19(10.9) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 44(2.7) | 24(2.5) | 2(2.0) | 42(2.4) | 32(2.6) | 6(2.4) | ||
| Other race | 21(3.9) | 10(2.8) | 2(4.8) | 4(0.8) | 8(2.2) | 1(0.7) | ||
| Marital status | 0.024* | 0.169 | ||||||
| Married/Living with partner | 442(82.7) | 265(73.9) | 42(79.8) | 242(56.2) | 162(47.2) | 36(52.8) | ||
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 103(14.0) | 108(23.6) | 11(17.4) | 226(41.5) | 205(49.9) | 43(44.3) | ||
| Never married | 22(3.3) | 10(2.4) | 2(2.8) | 17(2.2) | 13(2.9) | 4(2.9) | ||
| BMIa,b | 0.101 | <0.001* | ||||||
| Underweight | 5(0.8) | 6(1.0) | 1(3.0) | 6(1.8) | 6(1.5) | 1(1.5) | ||
| Overweight | 260(45.0) | 150(36.5) | 22(43.3) | 183(38.0) | 130(34.6) | 24(28.8) | ||
| Obese | 150(28.7) | 143(39.6) | 21(36.4) | 133(25.0) | 141(33.8) | 44(55.5) | ||
| Normal | 150(25.2) | 79(21.9) | 10(16.3) | 162(35.0) | 99(28.7) | 13(13.7) | ||
| Family income/poverty ratio | 3.34 ± 0.07 | 2.94 ± 0.10 | 2.65 ± 0.15 | <0.001* | 3.09 ± 0.10 | 2.53 ± 0.10 | 2.36 ± 0.20 | <0.001* |
| Educationa | 0.019* | 0.081 | ||||||
| Less than 9th grade | 82(8.3) | 72(10.5) | 10(13.6) | 63(5.4) | 75(11.9) | 16(11.6) | ||
| 9–11th grade | 74(10.5) | 57(10.7) | 10(17.0) | 67(13.0) | 77(19.2) | 20(19.0) | ||
| High school grad | 133(22.0) | 91(28.0) | 12(27.0) | 134(29.4) | 102(29.7) | 23(34.1) | ||
| Some college or AA degree | 110(22.0) | 89(26.7) | 14(26.6) | 124(28.2) | 82(23.5) | 15(20.9) | ||
| College graduate or above | 168(37.3) | 74(24.0) | 9(15.8) | 95(23.5) | 44(15.6) | 9(14.3) | ||
| Health insurance status | 0.093 | 0.568 | ||||||
| Covered by health insurance | 557(99.4) | 374(98.4) | 52(96.8) | 471(98.4) | 364(98.2) | 82(99.5) | ||
| Not covered by health insurance | 9(0.6) | 8(1.6) | 3(3.2) | 14(1.6) | 16(1.8) | 1(0.5) | ||
| Family/personal medical history | ||||||||
| Hormone replacement therapy | N/A | N/A | N/A | 232(54.4) | 149(44.1) | 25(41.3) | 0.024* | |
| Close relative had asthma | 64(9.7) | 51(10.7) | 6(14.3) | 0.076 | 59(15.0) | 62(15.6) | 14(21.0) | 0.514 |
| Close relative had diabetes | 177(30.5) | 132(35.7) | 24(35.8) | 0.080 | 55(12.8) | 63(18.6) | 15(20.8) | 0.058 |
| Close relative had heart attack | 59(12.0) | 42(12.6) | 8(15.6) | 0.180 | 165(31.1) | 152(39.3) | 33(37.7) | 0.019* |
| Close relative had osteoporosis | 31(6.2) | 22(7.9) | 3(5.5) | 0.272 | 64(16.0) | 41(11.3) | 13(20.5) | 0.114 |
| Hospitalizationa | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||||
| >3 times | 0(0) | 1(0.3) | 2(5.5) | 0(0) | 2(0.7) | 2(2.6) | ||
| <3 times | 71(14.0) | 80(22.8) | 23(42.9) | 48(8.7) | 74(19.4) | 26(30.9) | ||
| No hospitalization | 496(86.0) | 302(76.8) | 30(51.6) | 437(91.3) | 304(79.9) | 54(65.8) | ||
| Mental health consultation | 6(1.1) | 10(2.7) | 1(2.4) | 0.243 | 6(1.6) | 7(2.0) | 4(4.0) | 0.468 |
| Osteoporosisa | 13(2.7) | 21(6.4) | 1(2.8) | 0.007* | 130(29.1) | 84(22.6) | 23(29.8) | 0.243 |
| Fracture | 62(12.0) | 50(14.9) | 13(23.3) | 0.107 | 66(13.1) | 54(15.5) | 19(25.1) | 0.114 |
| Steroid usagea | 23(5.3) | 18(5.1) | 10(19.2) | 0.001* | 33(8.1) | 20(4.9) | 5(6.7) | 0.388 |
Notes.
a
Summation of percentage is not equal to 100% due to missing data.
b
Four classifications of BMI are defined as: underweight (BMI < 18.5 Kg/m2), normal (18.5∼24.9 Kg/m2), overweight (25∼29.9 Kg/m2), obese (≥30.0 Kg/m2).
*
indicates statistical difference between groups, p < 0.05.