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. 2018 Feb 27;9:327. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00327

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Copyright © 2018 Clark, Kim, Etesami, Shimamoto, Whalen, Martin and Okumura.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mast cells (MCs) do not effectively control group A Streptococcus (GAS) growth. (A) Growth of the indicated strains in medium alone or with HMC-1 cells after 1 h of co-culture. Data are expressed as the percentage of the inoculum. (B) Growth of the indicated strains with HMC-1 cells compared with medium alone over time. Data are expressed as the percentage of the inoculum. (C) Viability of HMC-1 cells after incubation with indicated strains of bacteria. Data are compared to uninfected cells. (D) Growth of M1T1 subclone of GAS in medium alone or with BMMC after 1 h of co-culture. Data are expressed as the percentage of the inoculum. For all panels, data from at least three independent experiments were combined, and results are given in average ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple post-test [****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n.s., not significant; (A–C)], or by unpaired t-test (D).