Table 3.
Pearson's correlation analysis of the muscle strength and proprioception performance.
| Joint position sense | Muscle strength | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AR | PR | PT flexion | PT extension | |||||
| AE | CE | AE | CE | AV | ALM | AV | ALM | |
| Joint position sense AR | ||||||||
| AE | / | / | / | / | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| CE | / | / | / | / | ns | 0.52 (G) | ns | ns |
| Joint position sense PR | ||||||||
| AE | / | / | / | / | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| CE | / | / | / | / | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| FR 20% MVC flexion | ||||||||
| Mean RE | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.47 (C) | −0.55 (G) |
| Mean CE | 0.50 (C)∗ | ns | ns | −0.49 (G) | ns | ns | ns | −0.58 (G) |
| RE range | 0.48 (C) | ns | ns | −0.54 (G) | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| FR 20% MVC extension | ||||||||
| Mean RE | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.42 (C) | ns | ns | ns |
| Mean CE | ns | −0.68 (G) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| RE range | ns | −0.57 (G) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| FR 50% MVC flexion | ||||||||
| Mean RE | ns | 0.49 (G) | ns | 0.56 (G) | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Mean CE | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| RE range | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| FR 50% MVC extension | ||||||||
| Mean RE | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Mean CE | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| RE range | ns | −0.62 (G) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
/ indicates the correlation between the same proprioceptive performances, which was not analyzed. AE: absolute error; ALM: arm lean mass normalized values; AR: active reproduction; AV: absolute values; CE: constant error; FR: force reproduction; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; PR: passive reproduction; PT: peak torque; RE: relative error. ∗(G) and (C) indicate significant correlation in gymnasts and controls, respectively (p < 0.05), and “ns” indicates nonsignificant correlation.