Table 2. The relative abundance (%) of bacterial groups that showed statistical significance based on the LEfSe method.
| Bacterial group | P-value | Percentual abundance (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDA | Kruskal–Wallis | CON | DM | DM + inulin | |
| Streptococcaceae | 3.351 | 0.013 | 0.135(0.013–0.920) | 0.042(0.037–0.080) | 0.227(0.150–2.070)## |
| Escherichia_Shigella | 3.819 | 0.044 | 0.168(0.043–0.313) | 0.238(0.060–4.940) | 1.313(0.160–3.003)* |
| Phascolarctobacterium | 3.146 | 0.027 | 0.000(0.000–0.037) | 0.000(0.000–0.017) | 0.030(0.000–1.027)# |
| Bacteroides | 4.726 | 0.006 | 3.168(0.880–17.521) | 7.917(3.180–14.854) | 12.584(9.930–28.454)** |
| Ruminococcus_1 | 4.032 | 0.001 | 2.422(0.680–4.080) | 1.538(0.703–1.860) | 0.263(0.067–1.103)*** |
| Enterobacteriales | 3.826 | 0.016 | 0.187(0.043–0.353) | 0.273(0.070–5.040) | 1.357(0.263–3.087)* |
| Bacteroides_ovatus | 3.619 | 0.023 | 0.062(0.013–0.297) | 0.107(0.013–0.190) | 0.447(0.053–3.743)* |
| Desulfovibrionales | 4.029 | 0.013 | 1.065(0.517–1.923) | 2.433(1.827–5.147)* | 0.853(0.557–5.707) # |
| unidentified_Ruminococcaceae | 3.857 | 0.009 | 1.505(0.457–2.087) | 2.650(1.677–5.050)** | 1.663(0.440–4.993) |
| _Eubacterium__ruminantium_group | 3.205 | 0.045 | 0.082(0.003–2.277) | 0.028(0.007–0.087) | 0.007(0.000–0.220)* |
| Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group | 3.673 | 0.012 | 0.957(0.577–2.143) | 1.273(0.500–2.513) | 0.507(0.213–1.000)# |
| Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 | 3.812 | 0.001 | 0.950(0.360–3.397) | 0.077(0.007–0.153)** | 0.073(0.010–0.247)** |
| Oscillibacter | 3.914 | 0.006 | 1.042(0.263–1.317) | 2.383(1.487–3.187)* | 0.617(0.047–2.527)# |
| Streptococcus | 3.350 | 0.013 | 0.135(0.013–0.913) | 0.040(0.037–0.080) | 0.223(0.150–2.067)## |
| Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_COE1 | 3.059 | 0.001 | 0.152(0.017–0.697) | 0.003(0.000–0.010)** | 0.003(0.000–0.023)* |
| Christensenellaceae | 4.152 | 0.004 | 1.585(0.727–2.690) | 4.122(2.450–6.210)* | 1.280(0.077–2.093)## |
| Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group | 4.047 | 0.005 | 1.382(0.047–7.914) | 0.067(0.003–0.113) | 0.043(0.000–0.097)** |
| Lactobacillus_animalis | 4.005 | 0.016 | 1.078(0.267–4.400) | 0.212(0.030–0.683)* | 0.913(0.413–10.697)# |
| _Ruminococcus__gnavus | 3.653 | 0.001 | 0.073(0.007–0.213) | 0.030(0.003–0.057) | 0.370(0.180–2.793)*,## |
| Acidaminococcaceae | 3.146 | 0.027 | 0.000(0.000–0.037) | 0.000(0.000–0.017) | 0.030(0.000–1.027)# |
| Alphaproteobacteria | 3.101 | 0.005 | 0.033(0.020–0.080) | 0.058(0.030–0.230) | 0.117(0.083–1.333)** |
| Rhodospirillaceae | 3.092 | 0.007 | 0.033(0.020–0.073) | 0.053(0.030–0.230) | 0.107(0.070–1.333)** |
| Betaproteobacteria | 3.906 | 0.015 | 0.705(0.550–2.027) | 1.723(1.293–4.280) | 1.993(0.863–5.780)* |
| Alloprevotella | 3.796 | 0.042 | 0.942(0.290–1.370) | 1.942(0.160–3.433) | 0.317(0.040–0.790) |
| Negativicutes | 3.284 | 0.005 | 0.040(0.000–0.067) | 0.013(0.000–0.033) | 0.330(0.010–1.270)## |
| Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 | 3.196 | 0.002 | 0.360(0.033–0.730) | 0.090(0.037–0.110) | 0.020(0.013–0.093)** |
| Ruminococcaceae_UCG_010 | 3.041 | 0.001 | 0.133(0.097–0.220) | 0.317(0.220–0.470)* | 0.097(0.030–0.190)## |
| Desulfovibrio | 4.026 | 0.013 | 1.062(0.517–1.913) | 2.417(1.797–5.130)* | 0.847(0.557–5.667)# |
| Deltaproteobacteria | 4.029 | 0.013 | 1.065(0.517–1.923) | 2.433(1.827–5.147)* | 0.853(0.557–5.707)# |
| _Clostridium__leptum | 3.873 | 0.007 | 1.427(0.427–1.973) | 2.610(1.653–4.987)** | 1.607(0.423–4.903) |
| Gammaproteobacteria | 3.827 | 0.018 | 0.203(0.043–0.380) | 0.292(0.070–5.044) | 1.357(0.277–3.113)* |
| Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010 | 4.023 | 0.004 | 0.335(0.067–0.843) | 2.400(1.453–3.640)** | 1.453(0.050–4.460) |
| Phascolarctobacterium_faecium | 3.146 | 0.027 | 0.000(0.000–0.037) | 0.000(0.000–0.017) | 0.030(0.000–1.027)# |
| Enterobacteriaceae | 3.826 | 0.016 | 0.187(0.043–0.353) | 0.273(0.070–5.040) | 1.357(0.263–3.087)* |
| Family_XIII | 3.448 | 0.036 | 0.303(0.173–0.743) | 0.903(0.520–1.293)* | 0.580(0.110–1.710) |
| Bacteroidales_S24_7_group | 4.883 | 0.007 | 22.127(16.074–31.254) | 7.100(4.260–10.880)* | 10.764(1.607–25.278)* |
| Mollicutes | 3.180 | 0.040 | 0.217(0.060–0.350) | 0.375(0.140–0.827) | 0.103(0.007–0.293)# |
| Lachnoclostridium | 3.803 | 0.003 | 0.205(0.083–0.333) | 0.163(0.047–0.247) | 0.493(0.237–3.730)*,## |
| Peptococcaceae | 3.294 | 0.044 | 0.442(0.173–0.620) | 0.673(0.310–1.420) | 0.323(0.050–0.973)# |
| Parasutterella | 3.904 | 0.015 | 0.697(0.543–2.013) | 1.718(1.293–4.280) | 1.983(0.853–5.760)*,# |
| Prevotellaceae | 4.319 | 0.028 | 7.814(3.413–12.420) | 4.167(0.893–11.080) | 1.107(0.533–25.004)* |
| Tenericutes | 3.180 | 0.040 | 0.217(0.060–0.350) | 0.375(0.140–0.827) | 0.103(0.007–0.293)# |
| Ruminiclostridium_6 | 3.869 | 0.010 | 0.387(0.137–0.917) | 1.710(0.353–3.273) | 0.210(0.027–1.687)## |
| Ruminiclostridium_5 | 3.101 | 0.005 | 0.598(0.513–0.747) | 0.310(0.190–0.517)* | 0.407(0.077–0.643)* |
| Streptococcus_hyointestinalis | 3.350 | 0.015 | 0.125(0.010–0.907) | 0.028(0.003–0.067) | 0.207(0.137–2.040)# |
| Christensenellaceae_R_7_group | 4.142 | 0.003 | 1.455(0.640–2.543) | 4.008(2.323–6.034)* | 1.203(0.070–2.010)## |
| Family_XIII_AD3011_group | 3.075 | 0.037 | 0.092(0.047–0.257) | 0.315(0.127–0.633)* | 0.190(0.033–0.473) |
| Selenomonadales | 3.284 | 0.005 | 0.040(0.000–0.067) | 0.013(0.000–0.033) | 0.330(0.010–1.270)## |
| Proteobacteria | 4.370 | 0.003 | 2.180(1.260–3.910) | 5.952(3.557–14.327)** | 5.760(2.603–11.244)* |
| Bacteroidaceae | 4.726 | 0.006 | 3.168(0.880–17.521) | 7.917(3.180–14.854) | 12.584(9.930–28.454)** |
| Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group | 3.423 | 0.001 | 0.048(0.020–3.950) | 0.012(0.000–0.033)* | 0.003(0.000–0.013)** |
| Thalassospira | 3.092 | 0.007 | 0.033(0.020–0.073) | 0.053(0.030–0.230) | 0.107(0.070–1.333)** |
| Rhodospirillales | 3.092 | 0.007 | 0.033(0.020–0.073) | 0.053(0.030–0.230) | 0.107(0.070–1.333)** |
| Alcaligenaceae | 3.904 | 0.015 | 0.705(0.550–2.027) | 1.723(1.293–4.280) | 1.993(0.853–5.767)* |
| Lachnospiraceae_UCG_005 | 3.961 | 0.008 | 0.757(0.270–1.470) | 2.562(1.710–2.987)* | 3.050(0.130–4.503)* |
| Desulfovibrionaceae | 4.029 | 0.013 | 1.065(0.517–1.923) | 2.433(1.827–5.147)* | 0.853(0.557–5.707)# |
| Escherichia_coli | 3.817 | 0.035 | 0.160(0.040–0.297) | 0.210(0.057–4.927) | 1.237(0.147–2.987)* |
| Bacteroides_acidifaciens | 4.030 | 0.002 | 0.247(0.103–1.103) | 0.125(0.023–0.337) | 1.610(0.540–6.377)## |
| Burkholderiales | 3.906 | 0.015 | 0.705(0.550–2.027) | 1.723(1.293–4.280) | 1.993(0.863–5.780)* |
| Anaerotruncus | 3.648 | 0.005 | 0.612(0.400–0.790) | 1.618(0.997–1.980)** | 0.820(0.160–1.633) |
Notes.
Data are presented as median (minimum-maximum), n = 6 in each group. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus CON group, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus DM group (Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney test).