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Neonicotinoids nitenpyram and imidacloprid stimulated release in Drosophila melanogaster ventral nerve cord (VNC). (A) 2.2 fmol nitenpyram and (C) 1.8 fmol imidacloprid evokes current response in the VNC, the cyclic voltammogram of which indicate dopamine. (B) Nitenpyram (unpaired t-test, p = 0.0284, n = 5) and (D) Imidacloprid stimulated release is significantly lower in flies fed 3-iodotyrosine, confirming that the response is due to dopamine (unpaired t-test, p = 0.0036, n = 5).
