Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the MASALA study population, 2010–2013
| Characteristics | Overall (N=906) |
Men (N=486) |
Women (N=420) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 55 (9) | 56 (10) | 54 (9) | 0.004 |
| Educational status (%) | 0.020 | |||
| Less than high school | 61 (6.7) | 22 (4.5) | 39 (9.3) | |
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 49 (5.4) | 26 (5.4) | 23 (5.5) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 796 (87.9) | 438 (90.1) | 358 (85.2) | |
| Family history of CHD (%) | 412 (46) | 207 (43) | 205 (49) | 0.070 |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 751 (83) | 345 (71) | 406 (97) | |
| Former | 124 (14) | 115 (24) | 9 (2) | |
| Current | 31 (3) | 26 (5) | 5 (1) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 26.0 (4.3) | 25.9 (4.4) | 26.1 (4.2) | 0.55 |
| SBP, mm Hg (SD) | 125 (16) | 126 (15) | 123 (17) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg (SD) | 73 (10) | 77 (9) | 70 (10) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 367 (41) | 218 (45) | 149 (35) | 0.004 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 188 (37) | 182 (37) | 194 (36) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 50 (13) | 45 (11) | 56 (14) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (SD) | 119 (69) | 127 (81) | 112 (59) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 111 (32) | 109 (32) | 114 (32) | 0.010 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL (SD) | 102 (27) | 105 (28) | 98 (25) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 189 (21) | 122 (25) | 67 (16) | 0.001 |
| Visceral fat area, cm2 (SD) | 134 (56) | 152 (59) | 114 (44) | <0.001 |
| IBAs | ||||
| hsCRP, µg/mL [25th–75th percentile] | 1.23 [0.65–2.77] | 0.96 [0.54–1.98] | 1.69 [0.81–3.65] | <0.001 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL [25th–75th percentile] | 2.60 [1.86–3.63] | 2.75 [1.95–3.67] | 2.43 [1.74–3.57] | 0.007 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL [25th–75th percentile] | 10,622 [6,959–15,309] | 8,618 [5,713–12,029] | 13,814 [9,950–17,896] | <0.001 |
| Leptin, pg/mL [25th–75th percentile] | 12,594 [7,187–21,391] | 8,457 [5,016–12,922] | 19,902 [13,472–28,090] | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive use (%) | 279 (31) | 172 (35) | 107 (25) | 0.001 |
| Statin use (%) | 243 (27) | 152 (31) | 91 (22) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery calcium | ||||
| CAC score [25th–75th percentile] | 0 [0–49] | 13 [0–139] | 0 [0–0] | <0.001 |
| CAC >0 (%) | 381 (42) | 282 (59) | 99 (24) | <0.001 |
| CAC >100 (%) | 175 (19) | 139 (29) | 36 (9) | <0.001 |
Continuous data presented as means (SD) or medians [25th–75th percentile] and categorical data as number (%).
SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, CHD: coronary heart disease, IBAs: inflammatory biomarkers and adipocytokines, hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CAC: coronary artery calcium, CHD: coronary heart disease.