. 2017 Jul 23;9(2):426–429. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12703

Table 2.

Clinical characteristic by knee extension force in quartiles

Parameters	Q₁ (Lowest)	Q₂	Q₃	Q₄ (Highest)	P‐value
Men	n = 223	n = 224	n = 223	n = 223
Regular exercise	50 (22.4)	63 (28.1)	61 (27.4)	71 (31.8)	NS
Age (years)	65.3 ± 12.2 ^†	60.7 ± 12.1 ^‡	57.2 ± 12.1 ^§	55.8 ± 11.2 ^§	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	25.0 ± 4.8	25.0 ± 4.5	25.1 ± 4.3	24.8 ± 3.6	NS
Diabetes duration (years)	10.9 ± 9.5 ^†	9.5 ± 8.7 ^† , ^‡	8.3 ± 8.5 ^‡ , ^§	7.1 ± 7.3 ^§	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	9.2 ± 2.1	9.5 ± 2.5	9.5 ± 2.5	9.3 ± 2.4	NS
Presence of diabetic neuropathy	121 (54.3) ^†	91 (40.6) ^‡	71 (31.8) ^‡ , ^§	51 (22.9) ^§	<0.001
Presence of diabetic retinopathy	71 (31.8) ^†	51 (22.8) ^† , ^‡	50 (22.4) ^† , ^‡	41 (18.4) ^‡	<0.01
Presence of diabetic nephropathy	31 (13.9) ^†	30 (13.4) ^† , ^‡	14 (6.3) ^‡	15 (6.7) ^† , ^‡	<0.01
Women	n = 137	n = 138	n = 137	n = 137
Regular exercise	23 (16.8) ^†	28 (20.3) ^† , ^‡	45 (32.8) ^‡	47 (34.3) ^‡	<0.001
Age (years)	65.8 ± 11.6 ^†	64.0 ± 10.8 ^†	63.2 ± 10.7 ^†	58.5 ± 11.1 ^‡	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.5 ^†	25.9 ± 4.8 ^† , ^‡	24.4 ± 4.4 ^‡ , ^§	23.9 ± 4.3 ^§	<0.001
Diabetes duration (years)	11.5 ± 9.8 ^†	9.9 ± 8.3 ^†	8.3 ± 8.4 ^‡	7.0 ± 7.1 ^‡	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	9.0 ± 2.0	9.4 ± 2.3	9.3 ± 2.3	8.9 ± 2.1	NS
Presence of diabetic neuropathy	68 (49.6) ^†	60 (43.5) ^†	52 (38.0) ^†	30 (21.9) ^‡	<0.001
Presence of diabetic retinopathy	61 (44.5) ^†	41 (29.7) ^† , ^‡	28 (20.4) ^‡	31 (22.6) ^‡	<0.001
Presence of diabetic nephropathy	19 (13.9)	11 (8.0)	9 (6.6)	9 (6.6)	NS

Data are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). P‐values were derived from Kruskal–Wallis tests or χ²‐tests. Results from Z‐test or Tukey's multiple test values showing ^†, ^‡ or ^§ are not different when the same symbol is present, and are significantly different when a different symbol is present. BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin. NS, not significant; Q, quartile.