Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of the developmental process of diabetes. (a) Different stages of diabetes including the beginning, progression and outcome. Several mechanisms are involved including increased blood glucose, islet β‐cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and vascular diseases. (b) Different diabetic complications, including acute and chronic complications. Acute diabetic complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome and diabetic lactic acidosis. Chronic diabetic complications include cerebral vascular disease, diabetic coronary artery disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, lower extremity vascular disease and diabetic foot disease.