Table 1.

Precision medicine markers in urothelial cancer.

Molecule	Mode of action	Clinical application	Reference
VEGF	Angiogenesis	Advanced urothelial cancer	Bellmunt et al. (2017)
ET-1	Vasoconstriction	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	Aoun et al. (2015), Damrauer et al. (2014)
Gene models (e.g. 20 gene-model)	Multiple	Molecular nodal staging of urothelial cancer	Massari et al. (2015)
CAIX	Hypoxia	Muscle invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer	Di Meo et al. (2016), Grivas et al. (2014)
p53	Tumor suppressor	Prognosis and response biomarker	Ferreira et al. (1999), Stadler et al. (2011)
RTK-MAPK pathways	Gene translation Gene transcription	Prognosis and response biomarker	Hahn et al. (2011)
PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway	Gene translation Gene transcription	Prognosis and response biomarker	Hahn et al. (2011)
DNA ploidy	Gene translation Gene transcription	Prognosis biomarker	Wadhwa et al. (2013), Deliveliotis et al. (2005)
Wnt cluster	Gene translation Gene transcription	Prognosis and response biomarker	Gui et al. (2011), Iqbal et al. (2016), Network (2014), Hunter et al. (2014), Hoskin et al. (2003), Klatte et al. (2009)
FGF cluster	Gene translation Gene transcription	Non-muscle/muscle invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer	Gui et al. (2011), Iqbal et al. (2016), Network (2014), Hunter et al. (2014), Stadler et al. (2011)
HER2	Gene translation Gene transcription	Theranostics	Wadhwa et al. (2013), Deliveliotis et al. (2005)