Table 1. Association between DM and HF.

Study	Journal/year	Heart failure with DM
Framingham (4)	Am J Cardio 1974	<65 years—HR =4 in men, 8 in women; overall—2.4 in men, 5.1 in women
CV Health study (5)	J Am Coll Cardiol 2000	HR =1.74 (1.38–2.19)
UKPDS (6)	BMJ 2000	HF risk related to HbA1c
Kaiser Permanente (7)	Diabetes Care 2001	45–54 years—33 cases per 1,000; 55–64 years—68 cases per 1,000; 65–74 years—135 cases per 1,000
ALLHAT (8)	Circulation 2006	RR =1.95 for HF hospitalization/death

HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; RR, risk ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C.