Quantitative computed tomography measuring osteoporosis of lumber spine. (A) For three-dimensional volumetric quantitative computed tomography protocols, a contiguous volume with a slice thickness of 1–3 mm with no computed tomography gantry tilt is typically scanned; (B) at the spine, a region of interest marked in red circle measures the trabecular bone mineral density in isolation (52). (Courtesy J. Keenan Brown, Mindways Software Inc., Austin, TX, USA).