Table 3.
Variance Estimates (95% CI) in Per‐Capita Household Health Spending, Catastrophic Health Spending, Per‐Capita Institutional Household Health Spending, and Per‐Capita Noninstitutional Household Health Spending at Household, Village, District, Regional, and State Levels from 2‐Levela Adjustedb Models, 2011‐2012
| PHS | PIHS | PNHS | CHS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levels | Variance | % | Variance | % | Variance | % | Variance | % |
| State | 0.9 | 11.0% | 0.3 | 4.0% | 1.2 | 13.5% | 0.7 | 16.6% |
| (0.5, 1.3) | (0.1, 0.4) | (0.6, 1.7) | (0.3, 1.0) | |||||
| Household | 7.3 | 89.0% | 6.4 | 96.0% | 7.5 | 86.5% | 3.29 | 83.4% |
| (7.3, 7.4) | (6.3, 6.4) | (7.4, 7.6) | ||||||
| Region | 0.5 | 6.9% | 0.2 | 3.2% | 0.7 | 8.5% | 0.4 | 11.7% |
| (0.4, 0.7) | (0.1, 0.3) | (0.5, 0.9) | (0.3, 0.6) | |||||
| Household | 7.3 | 93.1% | 6.4 | 96.8% | 7.4 | 91.5% | 3.29 | 88.3% |
| (7.2, 7.3) | (6.3, 6.4) | (7.3, 7.5) | ||||||
| District | 0.7 | 8.6% | 0.4 | 5.7% | 0.9 | 10.7% | 0.5 | 12.5% |
| (0.6, 0.7) | (0.3, 0.4) | (0.8, 1.0) | (0.4, 0.5) | |||||
| Household | 7.1 | 91.4% | 6.2 | 94.3% | 7.2 | 89.3% | 3.29 | 87.5% |
| (7.0, 7.1) | (6.2, 6.3) | (7.1, 7.2) | ||||||
| Village | 1.4 | 17.6% | 0.9 | 14.1% | 1.5 | 19.3% | 0.6 | 16.1% |
| (1.3, 1.4) | (0.9, 1.0) | (1.5, 1.6) | (0.6, 0.7) | |||||
| Household | 6.3 | 82.4% | 5.6 | 85.9% | 6.4 | 80.7% | 3.29 | 83.9% |
| (6.3, 6.4) | (5.6, 5.7) | (6.3, 6.5) | ||||||
Abbreviations: PHS, per‐capita household health spending; PIHS, per‐capita institutional household health spending; PNHS, per‐capita noninstitutional household health spending; CHS, catastrophic health spending.
Results from 4 different 2‐level models with households at level 1 nested in 1 higher unit at level 2.
Adjusted for age of head of household, sex of head of household (male/female), household size, type of residency (rural/urban), log of annual MPCE (quintiles), dwelling unit (owned/any other), household landholding (no land/up to 1 hectare/up to 2 hectares/more than 2 hectares), source of energy for cooking (LPG, gas, electric, cooking/other), source of energy for lighting (electric, gas/other), marital status of head of household (currently married/other), educational level of head of household (illiterate/primary/middle/secondary/higher secondary), number of adults older than 65 in household, caste (scheduled tribes/scheduled castes/other backward classes/others), religion (Hinduism/Islam/Christianity/other).