(A) Primary human airway granulation fibroblasts were cultured in media containing 2% FBS and 160 μg/ml β-elemene in the presence or absence of 10 mM LiCl for 48 h. The morphology of cells was shown in photomicrographs (200× magnification). (B) The proliferation rate of cells was assessed by MTT assay. (C) The mRNA levels of Wnt3a, GSK-3β, β-catenin, α-SMA, TGF-β, and Col-I were assessed by QRTPCR. (D) The protein levels of Wnt3a, GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9), β-catenin, and α-SMA were assessed by Western blot. (E) The protein levels of TGF-β and Col-I were assessed by ELISA. GAPDH was used as the internal control and the data of three independent experiments were expressed as the mean ± SD (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).