TABLE 1.

Direct and indirect effects in the structural equation model

Endosymbiont	Effect	Effect size ± SE	Z value	P (Wald test)
Wolbachia	Total	0.514 ± 0.075	6.875	<0.001
	Climate, indirect	−0.090 ± 0.022	−4.075	<0.001
	Geography, direct	0.605 ± 0.076	7.942	<0.001
Spiroplasma	Total	0.407 ± 0.077	5.305	<0.001
	Climate, indirect	0.004 ± 0.001	3.021	0.003
	Geography, direct	0.404 ± 0.077	5.266	<0.001
Cardinium	Total	0.648 ± 0.126	5.153	<0.001
	Climate, indirect	−0.015 ± 0.005	−3.218	0.0012
	Geography, direct	0.663 ± 0.130	5.097	<0.001